Existence, local uniqueness and asymptotic approximation of spike solutions to singularly perturbed elliptic problems (Q2346089)

Let \(\Omega\subset\mathbb R^n\) be a bounded domain with sufficiently smooth boundary \(\partial\Omega\). The paper deals with singularly perturbed elliptic boundary value problems of the form: \[ \varepsilon^2\left(\sum_{i,j=1}^n \partial_{x_i}(a_{ij}(x)\partial_{x_j}u)+ \sum_{i=1}^nb_i(x) \partial_{x_i}u\right) =f(x,u,\varepsilon),\quad x\in\Omega,\tag{1} \] with the boundary condition \[ \sum_{i,j=1}^n a_{ij}(x)\nu_i(x)\partial_{x_j}u=g(x,u,\varepsilon)\quad x\in\partial\Omega,\tag{2} \] where \(\varepsilon>0\) is a small parameter, the coefficients \(a_{ij},b_i:\bar{\Omega}\to\mathbb R\), \(f:\bar{\Omega}\times\mathbb R\times [0,1]\) and \(g:\partial \Omega\times\mathbb R\times [0,1]\) are sufficiently smooth and \(\nu_i\) are the components of the unit outer normal at \(\partial\Omega\). The differential operator in (1) is supposed to be uniformly elliptic. The authors point out that, if \(b_i(x)\not=0\), problem (1)--(2) is a non-variational problem. They are interested in spike solutions \(u_{\varepsilon}\) to problem (1)--(2), i.e., there exists \(\xi_o\in\Omega\) such that \(|u_{\varepsilon}(x)|\) has a local maximum at \(\xi_{\varepsilon}\in\Omega\) such that \(\xi_{\varepsilon}\to \xi_o\) and \(|u_{\varepsilon}(\xi_{\varepsilon})|\) remains uniformly bounded away from \(0\) as \(\varepsilon\to 0\). Moreover, in all remaining points \(x\in\Omega\setminus \{\xi_{\varepsilon}\}\), \(u_{\varepsilon}(x)\approx 0\) as \(\varepsilon\to 0.\) They make suitable assumptions in order such solutions exist. They construct approximate spike solutions to problem (1)--(2) of the form \[ \mathcal W_{\varepsilon,m}(x)=u_{\varepsilon,m}(x)+v_{\varepsilon,m}(x)+w_{\varepsilon,m}(x),\quad m=0,1,\dots \] where \(u_{\varepsilon,m}(x),v_{\varepsilon,m}(x),w_{\varepsilon,m}(x)\) are respectively suitable outer expansion, inner expansion of the spike, inner expansion of the boundary layer (Section 3). In Section 4, they present a generalized implicit theorem. In Section 5, they rewrite the initial problem in abstract form and, thanks to their implicit theorem, they prove the existence of a locally unique exact spike solution \(u_{\varepsilon}\) to problem (1)--(2) such that,\ for any \(\alpha\in (0,1)\), and any \(m\) \[ ||u_{\varepsilon}-\mathcal W_{\varepsilon,m}||_{2+\alpha,\varepsilon;\Omega}=O(\varepsilon^{m+1})\quad \text{ as } \varepsilon\to 0, \] where \[ ||u||_{2+\alpha,\varepsilon;\Omega}= \sum_{k=0}^2\varepsilon^k\underset{|\mu|=k} {\sup}\underset{\Omega} {\sup}|D^{\mu}u|+\varepsilon^{2+\alpha}\underset{|\mu|=2} {\sup}\quad\underset{x,y\in\Omega,x\not=y} {\sup} \frac{|D^{\mu}u(x)-D^{\mu}u(y)}{|x-y|^{\alpha}} . \] The appendix (Section 6) is devoted to technical estimates of Schauder type.