Duality in spaces of polynomials of degree at most \(n\) (Q2347444)

This paper initiates the theory of spaces of polynomials of degree at most \(n\). Even if spaces of homogeneous polynomials have played a central role in complex analysis on infinite-dimensional spaces, no systematic study has been made so far concerning not necessarily homogeneous polynomials. Considering the space of polynomials of degree at most \(n\) as the direct sum of the spaces of \(k\)-homogeneous polynomials for \(k\) between \(0\) and \(n\) is helpless when the isometric structure is under consideration. First, a natural linearization of polynomials of degree at most \(n\) is done. Given a Banach space \(E\), there is a normed space \(\Big(\displaystyle\bigoplus_{j=0}^n\bigotimes_{j,s}E,\|\cdot\|_\pi\Big)\) and a continuous polynomial \(i\) of degree \(n\) from \(E\) into \(\displaystyle\bigoplus_{j=0}^n\bigotimes_{j,s}E\) with the following universal property: Given any Banach space \(F\) and any continuous polynomial \(P:E\to F\) of degree \(n\) there is a unique continuous linear mapping \(i^*(P):\Big(\displaystyle\bigoplus_{j=0}^n\bigotimes_{j,s}E,\|\cdot\|_\pi\Big)\to F\) such that \(i^*(P)\circ i=P\). Moreover, \(i^*\) is an isometric isomorphism between the space of all continuous polynomials of degree \(n\) from \(E\) into \(F\) and the space of all continuous linear mappings from \(\displaystyle\bigoplus_{j=0}^n\bigotimes_{j,s}E\) into \(F\). In particular, the space of all scalar-valued continuous polynomials of degree at most \(n\) has an isometric predual. The spaces of continuous finite type polynomials \(\mathcal P_f(^{\leq n}E)\), approximable polynomials \(\mathcal P_A(^{\leq n}E)\), integral polynomials \(\Big(\mathcal P_I(^{\leq n}E),\|\cdot\|_I\Big)\) and nuclear polynomials \(\Big(\mathcal P_N(^{\leq n}E),\|\cdot\|_N\Big)\) are introduced. The norm \(\|\cdot \|_\epsilon\), inherited when the space \(\displaystyle\bigoplus_{j=0}^n\bigotimes_{j,s}E\) is considered as a subspace of \(\mathcal C\Big(\overline B_{E'},\sigma(E',E)\Big)\), makes \(\Big(\displaystyle\bigoplus_{j=0}^n\bigotimes_{j,s}E',\|\cdot\|_\epsilon\Big)\) isometrically isomorphic to \(\mathcal P_f(^{\leq n}E)\). It is proved that the dual of its completion \(\Big(\displaystyle\bigoplus_{j=0}^n\widehat{\bigotimes_{j,s}}E,\|\cdot\|_\epsilon\Big)'\) is isometrically isomorphic to \(\mathcal P_I(^{\leq n}E)\). In particular, \(\mathcal P_I(^{\leq n}E)\) is a Banach space, \(\mathcal P_A(^{\leq n}E)'\) and \(\mathcal P_I(^{\leq n}E')\) are isometrically isomorphic and \(\mathcal P_I(^{\leq n}E)\) is topologically isomorphic to \(\displaystyle \bigoplus_{j=0}^n \mathcal P_I(^j E)\). An interesting result that is also proved is that for any \(P\in \mathcal P_I(^{\leq n}E)\) there exists a regular Borel measure \(\mu\) on \(\Big(\overline B_{E'},\sigma(E',E)\Big)\) which represents \(P\) with \(|\mu|=\|P\|_I\). This also brings light to the homogeneous case: If \(P\in \mathcal P_I(^nE)\), there exists a regular Borel measure \(\mu\) on \(\Big(\overline B_{E'},\sigma(E',E)\Big)\) which represents \(P\) with \(|\mu|=\|P\|_I\). Concerning nuclear polynomials, it is proved that \(\mathcal P_N(^{\leq n}E)\) is topologically isomorphic to \(\displaystyle \bigoplus_{j=0}^n \mathcal P_N(^j E)\) and, if \(E'\) has the approximation property, then \(\Big(\displaystyle\bigoplus_{j=0}^n\widehat{\bigotimes_{j,s}}E',\|\cdot\|_\pi\Big)\) is isometrically isomorphic to \(\mathcal P_N(^{\leq n}E)\). In particular, \(\mathcal P_N(^{\leq n}E)\) is a Banach space, and \(\mathcal P_N(^{\leq n}E)'\) is isometrically isomorphic to \(\mathcal P(^{\leq n}E')\) whenever \(E'\) has the approximation property. Another generalization of the homogeneous theory to non-homogeneous polynomials that is shown is the following: If \(\Big(\displaystyle\bigoplus_{j=0}^n\widehat{\bigotimes_{j,s}}E,\|\cdot\|_\epsilon \Big)\) does not contain a copy of \(\ell_1\), then \(\mathcal P_I(^{\leq n}E)\) and \(\mathcal P_N(^{\leq n}E)\) are isometrically isomorphic. It is proved that Asplund spaces fulfill the above condition and an example of a non Asplund space that satisfies the above condition is provided. This paper can be considered the starting point for future research on polynomials, with the aim of filling the empty room that the theory of polynomials on infinite-dimensional spaces has suffered in the last 50 years.