On Banach-Mazur limits (Q2354774)

This article is concerned with the concept of Banach-Mazur limits, i.e., linear, positive, shift-invariant functionals \(x^*\) on the space \(\ell^{\infty}\) of bounded sequences such that \(x^*(1,1,\dots)=1\). Denote by \(\mathrm{BM}\) the set of all Banach-Mazur limits (it is well known that \(\mathrm{BM}\neq \emptyset\)). A sequence \(x\in \ell^{\infty}\) is said to be almost convergent to \(a\in \mathbb{R}\) if \(x^*(x)=a\) for every Banach-Mazur limit \(x^*\). Denote by \(ac_0\) the set of all sequences \(x\in \ell^{\infty}\) which are almost convergent to zero and by \(\mathcal{D}(ac_0)\) the stabilizer of \(ac_0\), i.e., \[ \mathcal{D}(ac_0):=\{z\in \ell^{\infty}:z\cdot x\in ac_0 \text{ for all }x\in ac_0\}. \] In the second section of this paper (the first one is the introduction), the author proves various characterisations of the elements of \(\mathcal{D}(ac_0)\) along with some corollaries. In Section 3, the author considers Banach-Mazur limits as measures on the Stone-Čech compactification of \(\mathbb{N}\) and derives several results, for example, on the set of extreme points of \(\mathrm{BM}\). The fourth section concerns the cardinalities of some subsets of \(\mathrm{BM}\) and related results. Finally, in the last section, the author explores some connections between the theory of Banach-Mazur limits and finitely additive probability measures.