Homological algebra for diffeological vector spaces (Q2354986)

The notion of diffeological space was introduced by J. M. Souriau and his mathematical group in the 1980's (see \textit{J. M. Souriau} [Lect. Notes Math. 836, 91--128 (1980; Zbl 0501.58010); Journ. Lyonnaises Soc. Math. France 1983, Sémin. Sud-Rhodanien Géom. II, 73--119 (1984; Zbl 0541.58002)]). Diffeological spaces are natural generalizations of smooth manifold. More precisely. Definition 1.1. A \textit{diffeological space} in a set \(X\) together with a specified set \(\mathcal{D}_X \) of functions \(U\rightarrow X\) (called \textit{plots}) for every open set \(U\) in \(\mathbb{R}^n\) and for each \(n\in \mathbb{N}\), such that for all open subsets \(U\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n\) and \(V\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n\): 1. (Covering) Every constant map \(U\rightarrow X\) is a plot. 2. (Smooth compatibility) If \(U\rightarrow X\) is a plot and \(V\rightarrow U\) is smooth, then the composition \(V\rightarrow U\rightarrow X\) is also a plot. 3. (Sheaf condition) If \(U=\bigcup_i U_i\) is an open covering and \(U\rightarrow X\) is a set map such that each restriction \(U_i\rightarrow X\) is a plot, then \(U\rightarrow X\) is a plot. A such diffeological space is represented by a pair \((X,\mathcal{D}_X)\). A \textit{smooth map} between diffeological spaces is a function sending each plot of the domain to a plot of the codomain. Diffeological spaces with smooth maps form a category, denoted by \(\mathcal{D}iff\). This category contains the category of smooth manifolds and smooth maps as a full subcategory. Comparing this definition with the definition of a smooth manifold, a diffeological space starts with a set instead of a topological space, and it uses all open subsets of Euclidean spaces for characterizing smoothness, subject to the above three axioms. It is a sheaf over a certain site and has and underlying set. The theory of diffeological spaces was further developed by several authors, especially Souriau's student \textit{P. Iglesias-Zemmour} [Banach Cent. Publ. 76, 349--393 (2007; Zbl 1115.58009); Indag. Math., New Ser. 18, No. 4, 555--560 (2007; Zbl 1144.58006); Diffeology. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society (AMS) (2013; Zbl 1269.53003)]. Himself the author of this paper performed his doctoral thesis with a theme in this area (see [A homotopy theory for diffeological spaces. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Western Ontario, Canada (2012)]). From the author's abstract: ``As vector spaces, diffeological vector spaces appear canonically from geometry and analysis, and they also contain smooth information. In this paper, we first explore the basic algebraic and categorical constructions on diffeological vector spaces. Then we observe that not every short exact sequence of diffeological vector spaces splits. Motivated by this, we develop the natural analogues of basic tools of classical homological algebra by identifying a good class of projective objects in the category of diffeological vector spaces, together with some applications in analysis. Finally, we prove that there is a cofibrantly generated model structure on the category of diffeological chain complexes.'' Definition 2.1. A \textit{diffeological vector spce} is a vector space \(V\) together with a diffeology, such that the addition map \(V\times V\rightarrow V\) and the scalar multiplication map \(\mathbb{R}\times V\rightarrow V\) are booth smooth. Definition 2.2. A \textit{smooth linear map} between two diffeological vector spaces is a function which is both smooth and linear. Examples of diffeological vector spaces. Example 2.3. Every vector space with the indiscrete diffeology is a diffeological vector space. Example 2.4. Every linear subspace of a diffeological vector space is a diffeological vector space. Example 2.5. Every product of diffeological vector spaces is a diffeological vector space. In particular, \(\prod_\omega \mathbb{R}\), the product of countably many copies of \(\mathbb{R}\), is diffeological vector space. Example 2.6. Every quotient vector of a diffeological vector space is a diffeological vector space. Example 2.7. Let \(X\) be a diffeological space, and let \(V\) be a diffeological vector space. Then the set \(C^\infty(X,V)\) of smooth maps with pointwise addition and pointwise scalar multiplication is a diffeological vector space. The main part of the paper is motivated by the following example. Let \(\phi:C^\infty(\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\rightarrow\prod_\omega \mathbb{R}\) be the map defined by \(f\rightarrow (f(0),f'(0),\dots)\). This is a linear map. Borel's lemma says that it is surjective. Let \(K\) its kernel. Then from the classical homological algebra follows that the short exact sequence \(0\rightarrow K\rightarrow C^\infty (\mathbb{R},\mathbb{R})\overset{\phi}{\longrightarrow}\prod_\omega \mathbb{R}\rightarrow 0\) splits as vector spaces. The author proves that this is a short exact sequence of diffeological vector spaces (Definition 3.15) which does \textit{not} split smoothly.