Inverse Jacobi multipliers and first integrals for nonautonomous differential systems (Q2355495)

Consider smooth nonautonomous system of differential equations \[ \dot{x}=f(t,x), \tag{1} \] where \(f: I \times U \mapsto \mathbb{R}^n\) with \(f \in \mathcal{C}^1\). An inverse Jacobi multiplier of system (1) is a function \(V: \Omega \mapsto \mathbb{R}\) with \(\Omega \in I \times U\) of class \(\mathcal{C}^1(\Omega)\), not locally null and that satisfies the partial differential equation \(\mathcal{X} V= V \text{div} \mathcal{X}\) where \(\mathcal{X}\) is the vector field \(\partial_t + \sum_{i=1}^n f_i \partial x_i\) associated to (1) and \(\text{div} \mathcal{X} = \sum\limits_{i=1}^n \partial f_i / \partial x_i\). First the authors find expressions for inverse Jacobi multipliers and first integrals for system (1) in some nonautonomous invariant set in terms of the solutions of the differential system. Second the authors find a relation between the Poincaré translation map \(\Pi\) at time \(T\) and the inverse Jacobi multiplier \(V\). The authors show that under natural assumptions, for a \(T\)-periodic system (1) that admits \(n-1\) \(T\)-periodic independent first integrals and a \(T\)-periodic inverse Jacobi multiplier for which \(V(0,x) \neq 0\) for all \(x \in U\), a \(T\)-periodic solution of (1) is contained in a one-parameter family of \(T\)-periodic solutions.