Hyperbolic sets that are not contained in a locally maximal one (Q2357566)

The author considers some questions related to the structure of hyperbolic sets. The setting is as follows: a compact manifold \(M\), a \(C^r\)-diffeomorphism \(f:M\to M\) with a hyperbolic set \(\Lambda\) and stable and unstable manifolds \(W^\varepsilon_s(x,f)\) and \(W^\varepsilon_u(x,f)\) for \(x\in\Lambda\) and \(\varepsilon\) sufficiently small. A hyperbolic set \(\Lambda\) is called locally maximal if there is a neighborhood \(V\) of \(\Lambda\) such that \(\Lambda= \bigcap_{n\in Z} f^n(V)\). Although many well-known examples of hyperbolic sets are locally maximal, not all of them are. The author presents results that demonstrate non-existence of locally maximal hyperbolic sets for linear Anosov diffeomorphisms. The two primary results of the paper are the following: 1) If \(f_A:\mathbb{T}^3\to \mathbb{T}^3\) is an Anosov diffeomorphism of the 3-torus then there is a connected, compact proper invariant subset of \(\mathbb{T}^3\) such that the only locally maximal hyperbolic set containing it is \(\mathbb{T}^3\) itself. Further, this property is robust since it holds for any \(g\) conjugate to \(f_A\). 2) There is a subset \(U\subset\text{Diff}(\mathbb{T}^3)\) such that for every \(g\in U\), there is a transitive hyperbolic subset of \(\mathbb{T}^3\) such that there is no locally maximal hyperbolic set containing it. On the other hand, things are different if \(\dim(M)=2\). If \(M\) is a compact surface, \(f:M\to M\) a diffeomorphism, \(\Lambda\) a compact hyperbolic invariant set, and the non-wandering set of \(f\) restricted to \(\Lambda\) is \(\Lambda\) itself, then for every neighborhood \(V\) of \(\Lambda\), there exists \(\widetilde\Lambda\) that is compact, hyperbolic and invariant and has a local product structure and \(\Lambda\subset \widetilde\Lambda\subset V\).