Large deviation principles for 3D stochastic primitive equations (Q2358728)

Let \(D\) be a bounded open domain in \(\mathbb R^2\) with smooth boundary \(\partial D\). The authors consider 3D primitive equations \[ \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial v}{\partial t}+(v\cdot\nabla)v+\theta\frac{\partial v}{\partial z}+fk\times v+\nabla P+Lv&=\psi_1(t,v,T)\frac{dW_1}{\,dt}, \\ \frac{\partial T}{\partial t}+(v\cdot\nabla)T+\theta\frac{\partial T}{\partial z}+LT&=\psi_2(t,v,T)\frac{dW_2}{dt}, \\ \partial_zP+T&=0, \\ \nabla\cdot v+\partial_z\theta&=0, \end{aligned} \] on \(\mathcal O=D\times(-1,0)\) subject to boundary conditions \[ \begin{aligned} \partial_zv=0, \;\partial_z T=0\quad&\text{on}\quad D\times\{0,1\}, \\ v=0, \;\frac{\partial T}{\partial n}=0\quad&\text{on}\quad\partial D\times[0,1]. \end{aligned} \] Here, \(v\) is the horizontal velocity field, \(\theta\) the vertical velocity field, \(f\) the Coriolis parameter, \(k\) the vertical unit vector, \(P\) the pressure, \(T\) the temperature, \(Lv=-\Delta v-\frac{\partial^2v}{\partial z^2}\), \(\psi\) is a diffusion nonlinearity, \(n\) the outward normal vector on \(\partial\mathcal O\) and \(W_1\), \(W_2\) are independent cylindrical Wiener processes on some Hilbert spaces \(U_1\) and \(U_2\), respectively. The quantities \(v\), \(\theta\), \(T\) and \(P\) are unknown. Let \(V\) and \(H\) be the closures of smooth functions subject to the boundary conditions for \((v,T)\) in the \(H^1\)-norm and \(L^2\)-norm, respectively, and \(A\) the linear operator on \(L^2\) corresponding to the bilinear form \[ ((v,\tilde v),(T,\tilde T))\mapsto\int_{\mathcal O}\left(\nabla_{(x,y,z)}v\cdot\nabla_{(x,y,z)}\tilde v+\nabla_{(x,y,z)}T\cdot\nabla_{(x,y,z)}\tilde T\right)\,dxdydz \] on \(V\times V\). Let \(Y_0\in V\) be fixed and, for \(\tilde h=\int_0^\cdot h\,ds\) for some \(h\in L^2([0,\tau];U_1\times U_2)\), let \(\mathcal G^0(\tilde h)\) denote the solution to the equation above with the initial condition \(Y_0\) and with the noise \(dW\) replaced by \(d\tilde h\). Set \(\mathcal G^0(\tilde h)=0\) for other \(\tilde h\). The main result of the paper states that solutions \(\{Y^\varepsilon\}\) to the equation with the initial condition \(Y_0\) and with the diffusion nonlinearity \(\psi\) replaced by \(\sqrt\varepsilon\psi\) satisfy the large deviation principle on \(C([0,\tau];V)\cap L^2([0,\tau];D(A))\) with the good rate function \[ I(w)=\inf\,\left\{\frac 12\int_0^\tau|h(s)|^2_{U_1\times U_2}\,ds:\,h\in L^2(0,\tau;U_1\times U_2),\,w=\mathcal G^0\left(\int_0^\cdot h(s)\,ds\right)\right\}. \]