Bi-Hamiltonian geometry and canonical spectral coordinates for the rational Calogero-Moser system (Q2360604)

This paper examines the rational Calogero-Moser (CM) system from the perspective of bi-Hamiltonian geometry. The CM system describes the dynamics of \(n\) particles moving on a line with potential energy proportional to the inverse squared distance between the particles. Explicitly, its Hamiltonian is \[ H(x,p)={1\over 2} \sum^n_{i=1} p^2_i+ g \sum_{i<j} {1\over(x_i- x_j)^2},\tag{\(*\)} \] where \(x= (x_1,\dots, x_n)\), \(p= (p_1,\dots, p_n)\), and \(g\) is a real constant. Moser proved that the rational CM system is completely integrable. He converted equation \((*)\) into Lax form and obtained explicit solutions. Later, \textit{D. Kazhdan} et al. [Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 31, 481--507 (1978; Zbl 0368.58008)] proved complete integrability of \((*)\) using a symplectic reduction technique. Here the authors explore an alternative approach. First, they review the basic ideas of bi-Hamiltonian manifolds (symplectic manifolds with an additional suitable \((1,1)\)-tensor). Then they describe Darboux-Nijenhuis (D-N) coordinates and a generalization called magnetic D-N coordinates. After that they review a special bi-Hamiltonian structure on the cotangent bundle of the Lie algebra of the general linear group of order \(n\) and its reduction to the phase space of the rational CM system. Finally, the authors show an explicit construction of sets of spectral canonical coordinates, i.e., complete sets of Darboux coordinates defined by the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the Lax matrix.