Kannappan's functional equation on semigroups with involution (Q2361714)

Let \((S,\cdot)\) be a semigroup with an ivolution \(x \to x^*\), and \(z_0\) be a fixed element of the center of \(S\). We say that a funtion \(f\) on \(S\) is abelian if \(f(x_1,\dots,x_n) = f(x_{\pi(1)},\dots,x_{\pi(n)})\) for all \(x_1,\dots,x_n\) and all permutations \(\pi\) of the sequence \(\{1,\dots,n \}\) and for all positive integers \(n\), \[ g(xy) + g(xy^*) = 2g(x)g(y), \;\;x,y \in S, \] with \(g(z_0) \neq 0\) and satisfying conditions \(g(x z_0) = g(x z^*_0) = g(z_0)g(x)\), \(x \in S\). With any \(g \in {\mathcal A}\) we associate the function \[ Tg:= g(z_0)g: S \to \mathbb{C}.\tag{a} \] Let \({\mathcal K}\) be the set of non-zero solutions \(f: S \to \mathbb{C}\) of the Kannappan functional equation \[ f(xyz_0) + f(xy^*z_0) = 2f(x)f(y), \;x, y \in S.\tag{b} \] Among other results, the author proves that: The mapping \(T\) defined by \text{(a)} is a bijection \({\mathcal A}\) onto \({\mathcal K}\). Its inverse \(T^{-1}: {\mathcal K} \to {\mathcal A}\) is given by the formula \[ \left(T^{-1}f \right)(x) = \frac{f(xz_0)}{f(z_0)}, \;x \in S. \] A non-zero abelian function \(f: S \to \mathbb{C}\) is a solution of (b) if and only if it is of the form \[ f(x) = \chi(z_0) \frac{\chi(x) + \chi(x^*)}{2}, \;x \in S, \] where \(\chi: S \to \mathbb{C}\) is a multiplicative function such that \(\chi(z_0) = \chi(z_0^*)\) and \(\chi(z_0) \neq 0\).