Finite and profinite quantum systems (Q2362739)

This book is a fundamental read for anyone working on quantum technologies as well as mathematics researchers looking for applications of discrete mathematics to quantum mechanics. Finite quantum systems come from quantum systems with position and momenta defined on finite groups. Profinite quantum systems work with profinite groups. While, in quantum mechanics, position and momenta operators are assumed as having a real-valued spectrum, quantum technologies work at the intersection between quantum mechanics and discrete mathematics, using qubits, qudits and qunats as basic computational units, which take on discrete values. In the case of qubits and qudits, we are dealing with finite state systems, so that applications of notions of position and momenta with finite spectra becomes relevant for quantum technology research. Taking, as a basis, Weyl and Schwinger's work on quantum systems where the position and momentum take a finite number of values, Vourdas bridges this research with recent research on quantum information and quantum computation, providing a monograph with a mathematical background comprised of results and proofs that give both students as well as researchers in Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, a groundwork that may support further research on this field. The book is divided in twelve chapters. These chapters can, however, be grouped together in terms of the material covered. Chapter 1 provides a review of the notions of finite and profinite quantum systems and of the work's organization. Chapters 2 to 9 cover fundamental material on finite quantum systems and the remaining chapters address profinite quantum systems. In Chapters 2 and 3, a mathematical background is provided on partial orders, Pontryagin duality (Chapter 2) and the ring of integers modulo \(d\), \(\mathbb{Z}(d)\) (Chapter 3). Rather than just providing a review for readers who are not familiar with these subjects, these two chapters play an important role in the work's organization, so that, even if one is familiar with the material present in them, one should read them, since specific concepts from mathematics were selected by the author to be present in the chapters, concepts that play a role in the theory of finite quantum systems, making these two chapters relevant for mathematicians looking at what concepts from their field are most relevant for finite quantum systems. Chapter 4 is the first chapter on the theory of finite quantum systems, dealing with quantum systems with variables in \(\mathbb{Z}(d)\). The chapter begins with the definition of a quantum system with variables in \(\mathbb{Z}(d)\), formalized as a quantum system described by a \(d\)-dimensional Hilbert space that contains functions \(f(m)\) where \(m\in\mathbb{Z}(d)\). The position states and the momenta are then defined and related to the quantum Fourier transform (Section 4.1) and the commutator is calculated. The temporal evolution for a density operator, given a Hamiltonian operator, is defined in Section 4.2. Section 4.3 introduces the Heisenberg-Weyl group and Section 4.4 deals with coherent states, namely the definitions of: coherent states, coherent density matrices, rank \(n\) coherent projectors. Section 4.5 deals with symplectic transformations, in the context of finite quantum systems, addressing the \(Sp[2,\mathbb{Z}(d)]\) group. Section 4.6 addresses the group of displacements and symplectic transformations for quantum systems with positions and momenta in \(\mathbb{Z}(d)\). Section 4.7 introduces parity operators and Section 4.8 introduces the Wigner and Weyl functions, in the context of finite quantum systems, with a few examples provided. The chapter ends with the factorization of quantum systems with position and momenta in \(\mathbb{Z}(d)\), based on the Chinese remainder theorem (Section 4.9) and the analytic representation of finite quantum systems (Section 4.10). In this way, Chapter 4 is a fundamental chapter, providing major results and mathematical groundwork, including propositions and proofs that can be used by anyone working on finite quantum systems. Chapter 5 expands on the previous chapters, addressing finite geometries and mutually unbiased bases, which are relevant for both the theory of finite quantum systems as well as applications to quantum computation, quantum communications and quantum cryptography. Chapter 6 is particularly relevant for quantum computer science, since it addresses quantum logic of finite quantum systems. The chapter begins by reviewing Boolean logic (Section 6.1), including the Boolean algebras, Boolean rings and classical logical gates. Then, the chapter goes on to review the concept of modular orthocomplemented lattice and its connection with the quantum logic of finite quantum systems (Section 6.2). Chapter 7 covers applications to the algebra of angular momentum and the group SU(2) (Section 7.1), interferometry in multimode systems (Section 7.2) and orbital angular momentum states (Section 7.3). Section 7.4 provides for references on further applications. The next part of the book still deals with finite quantum systems, expanding the theory to quantum systems with variables in Galois fields. It is comprised of two main chapters: Chapter 8, which reviews Galois theory, providing for the basic groundwork needed for Chapter 9, which addresses the theory of quantum systems with variables in Galois fields, placing particular attention on properties which are not present in general finite quantum systems but that are present in these systems. While chapters 2 to 9, thus, cover the main material on finite quantum systems, chapters 10 to 12 address profinite quantum systems. These are quantum systems with variables in profinite groups. Chapter 10 reviews basic background mathematical material needed for the subsequent chapters, namely: the concept of \(p\)-adic numbers, inverse and direct limits and profinite groups. Chapter 11 begins the introduction to the theory of profinite quantum systems, by addressing quantum systems with positions in the profinite group of \(p\)-adic integers \(\mathbb{Z}_{p}\) and momenta in fractional \(p\)-adic numbers \(\mathbb{Q}_{p}/\mathbb{Z}_{p}\). The chapter begins by covering the concepts of locally constant functions and functions with compact support (Section 11.1), then, integrals of complex functions on \(\mathbb{Q}_{p}\) and integrals of complex functions on \(\mathbb{Q}_{p}/\mathbb{Z}_{p}\) are addressed, respectively, in Sections 11.2 and 11.3. Section 11.3 also addresses Weil transforms and delta functions. Section 11.4 introduces the Schwartz-Bruhat space of wave functions for quantum systems with positions in the profinite group of \(p\)-adic integers \(\mathbb{Z}_{p}\) and momenta in fractional \(p\)-adic numbers \(\mathbb{Q}_{p}/\mathbb{Z}_{p}\), and Section 11.5 addresses the Heisenberg-Weyl group \(HW\left[\left(\mathbb{Q}_{p}/\mathbb{Z}_{p}\right),\mathbb{Z}_{p},\mathbb{Q}_{p}/\mathbb{Z}_{p}\right]\) as a locally compact and totally disconnected topological group. In Section 11.6, the Wigner and Weyl functions are addressed, and Section 11.7 addresses the complete chain of subsystems of a quantum system with positions in \(\mathbb{Z}_{p}\) and momenta in \(\mathbb{Q}_{p}/\mathbb{Z}_{p}\). Chapter 12 works with the profinite group \(\hat{\mathbb{Z}}=\prod_{p\in\Pi}\mathbb{Z}_{p}\), which, as stressed in Chapter 1, can be viewed as the group \(\mathbb{Z}(d)\) with very large \(d\), this group has, by Pontryagin dual group, the group of rational numbers on a circle \(\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}\), so that the corresponding quantum theory is the theory of quantum systems with positions in \(\hat{\mathbb{Z}}\) and momenta in \(\mathbb{Q}/\mathbb{Z}\). Along with Chapter 11, Chapter 12 provides for a relevant read for anyone interested in applications of number theory and group theory to quantum mechanics, it is also relevant for possible future research directions with possible applications to quantum computer science. In its whole, the book provides for an important reference for both graduate students and researchers working on either finite and profinite quantum systems, specifically, or in quantum technology research. Due to the extensive results and propositions' proofs provided, the book can be used as a reference for building new approaches integrating the theory of finite and profinite quantum systems.