Cartier theory with coefficients (Q2364442)

Let \(R\) be a commutative ring with identity. A formal group over \(R\) is an exact functor from the category of nilpotent \(R\)-algebras to the category of abelian groups that commutes with infinite sums. One of the main results of the classical Cartier theory is that the functor from the category of formal groups to the category of abelian groups is represented by the big Witt vectors \(\widehat{W}\). Let \(\mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{Z}}(R)\) be the ring of endomorphisms of \(\widehat{W}\). Another main result says that the category of formal groups over \(R\) is equivalent to the category of \(V\)-flat \(\mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{Z}}(R)\) modules. Let \(A\) be a localization of the ring of integers of some number field which is Galois over \(Q\) and \(A\) is a principal ideal domain. A formal \(A\)-module over a \(A\)-algebra \(R\) is a formal group \(G\) over \(R\) together with a ring homomorphism from \(A\) to \(\text{End}(G)\) such that the induced action on the tangent space factors through the structure morphism. Let the base ring \(R\) be a Noetherian \(A\)-algebra. Let \(\mathbb{E}_A(R)\) be the ring of endomorphisms of the \(A\)-typical Witt vectors \(W_A(R)\). There exists a functor \(W_I(-)\), where \(I\) is a certain subset of the set of ideals in \(A\), from the category of \(A\)-algebras to itself such that for each \(A\)-algebra \(R\), we have the underlying set of \(W_I(R)\) is \(R^I\), and \(W_I\) is universal in the sense that \(A\)-typical Witt polynomials are \(A\)-algebra morphisms. The representability theorem says that the \(A\)-typical curve functor from the category of formal \(A\)-modules whose tangent space is finitely generated and projective to the category of abelian groups is a representable functor. The classification theorem says that the category of formal \(A\)-modules over \(R\) with finitely generated projective tangent space is equivalent to the category of \(\mathbb{E}_A(R)\)-modules such that the tangent space is a projective and finitely generated \(R\)-module.