\(M\)-solid varieties of algebras (Q2369280)

Let \(\{ f_i \mid i \in I\} \) be a set of operation symbols of type \(\tau \), \(W_\tau (X)\) be the set of terms of type \(\tau \) and Alg\((\tau )\) be the class of all algebras of type \(\tau \). A hypersubstitution \(\sigma \) is a mapping which assigns to every operation symbol \(f_i \) a term \(\sigma (f_i) \in W_\tau (X)\) of the same arity; this mapping is in a natural way (parallel Menger-algebra substitution) extended to the mapping \(\widehat\sigma\) of the free algebra \((W_\tau (X);(\bar f_i)_{i \in I})\), thus the set \(\text{Hyp}(\tau )\) of all hypersubstitutions becomes a monoid. The classical theory of varieties, based on satisfaction of identities in algebras, is here generalized to hypersatisfaction, where to operation symbols also hypersubstitutions can be applied (a second-order theory): if \(M \subseteq \text{Hyp}(\tau )\) is a submonoid, then an identity \(s \approx t\), \(s,t \in W_\tau (X)\) is \(M\)-hypersatisfied (\(M\)-hyperidentity) in an algebra \(A \in \text{Alg}(\tau )\) iff the identity \(\widehat\sigma [s] \approx \widehat\sigma [t]\) holds for all hypersubstitutions \(\sigma \in M\); a variety is called \(M\)-solid if every one of its identities is an \(M\)-hyperidentity; if \(M = \text{Hyp}(\tau )\), then instead of \(M\)-hyperidentity and \(M\)-solid the notations hyperidentity and solid are used. Hypersatisfaction induces a Galois connection (Mod, Id): Id associates with every class of algebras \(K \subseteq \text{Alg}(\tau )\) the set of all its hyperidentities and Mod associates with every set \(A \subseteq W_\tau (X)^2 \) of identities the class of algebras where these identities are hypersatisfied; the fixed points (maximal closed sets) of the operator ModId are hypervarieties and the fixed points of the operator IdMod are hyperequational theories. This Galois connection and the complete lattices of hypervarieties and hyperequational theories created by it, are shown to have many properties similar to properties of (ordinary) varieties, and they are the main objects investigated and used. It is shown that for any type \(\tau \) there are infinitely many solid varieties. The authors extensively study the structure of the monoid \(\text{Hyp}(\tau )\) -- its finite submonoids, its regular elements and Green relations. Two concrete cases considered are solid varieties of semigroups and semirings, e.g., characterizations are found for all regular-solid (i.e. \(M\) is defined by words which depend on both variables) varieties of semigroups and for all solid and pre-solid varieties of semirings.