Extrapolation methods and Rubio de Francia's extrapolation theorem (Q2369433)

The class \(\{X_\alpha,\alpha\in A\}\) of Banach spaces with index set \(A\) is said to be a scale. The index \(A\) is assumed to be partially ordered by inclusions of the class \(\{X_\alpha\}\), so that \(\alpha\leq\beta\) if and only if \(X_\beta\subseteq X_\alpha\) and \(\| x\|_\alpha\leq\| x\|_\beta\) \((x\in X_\beta)\). The scale \(\{X_\alpha,\alpha\in A\}\) is said to be strongly compatible if there is a Banach space \((V,\|.\|_V)\) such that \(X_\alpha\subset V\), \(\| x\|_V\leq\| x\|_\alpha\), \(x\in V\). The sets \(\Delta\{X_\alpha\}_{\alpha\in A}\) with norm \(\|.\|_{\Delta,A}\) and \(\Sigma\{X_\alpha\}_{\alpha\in A}\) with norm \(\|.\|_{\Sigma,A}\) are defined by \(\Delta\{X_\alpha\}_{\alpha\in A}= \{x\in\bigcap_{\alpha\in A}X_\alpha:\| x\|_{\Delta, A}< \infty\}\), where \(\| x\|_{\Delta, A}= \sup_{\alpha\in A}\| x\|_\alpha\), \(\Sigma\{X_\alpha\}_{\alpha\in A}= \{x= \sum_{\alpha\in A} x_\alpha: x_\alpha\in X_\alpha\}\), and \(\| x\|_{\Sigma,A}= \text{inf}\{\sum_{\alpha\in A}\| x_\alpha\|_\alpha: x= \sum_{\alpha\in A} x_\alpha\}\). The norm \(\|.\|_{U,A}\) on \(\bigcup_{\alpha\in A} X_\alpha\) is defined by \(\| x\|_{U,A}= \text{inf}_{\alpha\in A}\| x\|_\alpha\), and \(\{X_\alpha\}_{\alpha\in A}\) is said to be \(\cup\)-complete if \(\{\cup\{X_\alpha\}_{\alpha\in A}\), \(\|.\|_{U,A}\}\) is a Banach space. If \(\{\Omega,{\mathcal W},\mu\}\) is a \(\sigma\)-finite measure space and \(1\leq p<\infty\), then \(L^p(W)\) denotes the \(L^p\)-space with weight function \(w\). In one of the main theorems of this paper, the authors show that if the Banach lattice \(X\) is a \(q\)-concave space, so that \((\sum^n_{j=1}\| x_j\| x^p)^{1/p}\leq C\|(\sum^n_{j= 1} |x_j|^p)^{1/p}\|_X\) for some positive constant \(C\) and \(\{x_j, j=1,2,\dots, n\}\subset X\), and if \(I\) is a subset of \((X_q)^+\), defined in terms of \(X\), then \(\{L^q(w^{1-q})\}_{w\in I}\) is a \(\cup\)-complete scale and \(X= \cup\{L^q(w^{1-q})\}_{w\in I}\). The methods introduced in the paper are shown to be applicable to (i) estimates involving rearrangement invariant spaces defined in terms of non-increasing rearrangements of functions; (ii) the Jawerth--Milman extrapolation methods, including a theorem which indicates that if \(\{\rho_\theta, \theta\in (0,1)\}\) is a class of quasi-concave functions and if \(\sup_\theta\rho_\theta(t)= \rho(t)< \infty\), then \(\Sigma_\theta A_{\rho_\theta,I,J}\), where \(A_{\rho,I,J}= \{a\in \Sigma(A):\| a\|_{A_\rho, I,J}<\infty\}\), and \(\|.\|_{A_\theta,I,J}\) is defined in terms of an integral expression; (iii) Rubio de Francia extrapolation results, which include statements such as that, if \(T\) is bounded in \(L^r(w)\) for every weight \(w\) in the Muckenhaupt \(A_r\) class, then for each \(w\) in the \(A_p\) class, where \(1< p<\infty\), \(T\) is bounded in \(L^p(w)\).