The \(\sigma\)-convergence and \(\sigma\)-core of double sequences (Q2371122)

K. Knopp defined the core of a bounded sequence \(x\) as the closed interval \([\lim \inf x, \limsup x]\). \textit{R. F. Patterson} [Int. J. Math. Math. Sci. 22, No. 4, 785--793 (1999; Zbl 0949.40007)] defined the P-core (P for Pringsheim) for 2-dimensional bouded sequences as \([- P\)-\(\liminf x, P\)-\(\limsup x]\). \textit{M. Mursaleen} and \textit{O. H. H. Edely} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 293, No. 2, 532--540 (2004; Zbl 1043.40003)] defined the M-core of a double sequence as \([-L^*(-x), L^*(x)]\), where \(L^*(x) := \limsup_{p, q \to \infty}\sup_{s, t, \geq 0}(1/pq)\sum_{k=0}^p\sum_{k=0}^qx_{j+s,k+t}\). The concept of a \(\sigma\)-core for single sequences was introduced by \textit{S. Mishra, B. Satapathy} and \textit{N. Rath} [J. Indian Math. Soc., New Ser. 60, No. 1--4, 151--158 (1994; Zbl 0882.40004)]. The authors of this paper define the \(\sigma_2\)-core for double sequences as the interval \([- C_{\sigma}(-x) , C_{\sigma}(x)]\), where \(C_{\sigma}(x) := \limsup_{p,q\to\infty}\sup_{s,t}(1/pq) \sum_{k=0}^p\sum_{k=0}^q x_{\sigma^j(s),\sigma^k(t)}, \sigma\) a permutation of \(\mathbb{N}\). Strong \(\sigma\)-regularity is defined in the obvious way, and they establish necesssary and sufficient conditions for a doubly infinite matrix to be strongly \(\sigma\)-regular, as well as necessary and sufficient conditions for a doubly infinite matrix to satisfy \(P\)-\(\limsup x \leq C_{\sigma}(x)\) for real bounded sequences.