Galois \(p\)-groups and Galois modules (Q2374279)

The article under review is devoted to the Galois theory applied for the two non abelian groups of order $p^3$ and some related bigger groups. Since \textit{E. Noether} [Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, Math.-Phys. Kl. 1918, 235--257 (1918; JFM 46.0770.01)] formulated the inverse problem in Galois theory, it has become one of the biggest open problems in mathematics. This problem asks whether any finite group $G$ can be realized as a Galois group over the rational field $\mathbb Q$. Although it got a positive answer for many groups like the famous Shafarevich's theorem for the solvable groups, the answer in general remains a mystery. In the attempts of finding new groups that are realizable over $\mathbb Q$, many new theoretical generalizations emerged. In the first place, one can formulate the same problem over arbitrary fields. Then each group will have necessary and sufficient conditions in order to be a Galois group, even the smallest ones. In order to be found, the inverse problem is generalized to the so called embedding problem, which can be interpreted in cohomological terms. For many decades in various papers and books appeared results concerning small 2-groups and $p$-groups for an odd $p$. The present article not only surveys most of the known results, but is also a continuation of the author's original theory (which is an extension of the Kummer theory) developed in previous papers. These results include calculating of conditions for the realizability (often interpreted as ``obstructions'' -- certain cohomological elements whose triviality is a necessary and in some cases a sufficient condition), description of the Galois extensions, realizing these groups, automatic realizability (when the realizability of one group implies the realizability of another), etc. The authors also generalize these results for some bigger groups related to those two of order $p^3$.