Embeddings of semisimple complex Lie groups and cohomological components of modules (Q2377422)

Let \(G\) be a (finite-dimensional) connected and simply connected semisimple complex Lie group, let \(B\) and \(H\subset B\) be, respectively, a Borel and a Cartan subgroup of \(G\), let \(T = K \cap H\) be a maximal torus in a maximal compact subgroup \(K\) of \(G\), and use the following notation and definitions: {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize}\item[{\(\bullet\)}] \(\mathcal P, \Delta, \mathcal W\) denote, respectively, the weight lattice, the root system, and the Weyl group of \(G\) with respect to \(H\); \({\mathcal P}^+, \Delta^+, \Delta^-\) are, respectively, the sets of dominant weights, positive and negative roots of \(G\) with respect to \(B\). \item[{\(\bullet\)}] The group \(\mathcal W\) acts on \(\mathcal P\) by the usual linear action \((w,\mu)\mapsto w(\mu)\) and by the affine action \((w,\mu)\mapsto w\cdot\mu = w(\mu + \rho) - \rho\), where \(w\in\mathcal W, \mu\in\mathcal P\), and \(\rho\) is the half sum of the elements of \(\Delta^+\); every \(w\in\mathcal W\) is characterized by its inversion set \(\Phi_w = \Delta^+ \cap w^{-1}(\Delta^-)\). \item[{\(\bullet\)}] If \(\mu\in\mathcal P\), then \(v^\mu\) denotes a nonzero generic weight vector of weight \(\mu\) and \(\mathbb C_{\mu}\) denotes a one-dimensional \(B\)-module with character \(\mu\). \item[{\(\bullet\)}] If \(\mu\in\mathcal P^+\), then \(V(\mu)\) is a (finite-dimensional) simple \(G\)-module with highest weight \(\mu\). \item[{\(\bullet\)}] If \(\mu\in\mathcal P\) is regular, i.e., if it is congruent to a dominant weight under the affine action of \(\mathcal W\), there is a unique Weyl group element, denoted by \(w_\mu\), such that \(w_\mu\cdot\mu\in\mathcal P^+\). \item[{\(\bullet\)}] \(\mathcal O(\mu)\) denotes the sheaf of local holomorphic sections of the line bundle \(G\times_B\mathbb C_{-\mu}\) on the complete flag manifold \(G/B\). \item[{\(\bullet\)}] \(\mathfrak g\) and \(\mathfrak b\) are, respectively, the Lie algebras of \(G\) and \(B\), \(\mathfrak n\) is the nilradical of \(\mathfrak b\), and \(\mathfrak U(\mathfrak g)\) is the universal enveloping algebra of \(\mathfrak g\). \item[{\(\bullet\)}] A superscript \(^*\) denotes a dual space or a dual mapping. \end{itemize}}Suppose now that \(G\) is a subgroup of another connected and simply connected semisimple complex Lie group \(\widetilde G\) and that \(\widetilde K\) is a maximal compact subgroup of \(\widetilde G\) containing \(K\). Afterwards, a mathematical object \(\widetilde X\) will have for \(\widetilde G\) the same meaning that \(X\) has for \(G\). Let \(i^*: \widetilde{\mathcal P} \rightarrow \mathcal P\) denote the restriction of weights and for the Borel and Cartan subgroups \(\widetilde B\) and \(\widetilde H\) assume, in addition, that \(B\subset\widetilde B\) and \(\widetilde H\subset\widetilde B\) with \(H = B\cap\widetilde H\). In this paper, the author fixes two regular weights, \(\widetilde\lambda\in\widetilde{\mathcal P}\) and \(\lambda = i^*(\widetilde\lambda)\), as well as two invertible sheafs, \(\widetilde{\mathcal O}(\widetilde\lambda)\) on \(\widetilde G/\widetilde B\) and its restriction \(\mathcal O(\lambda)\) on \(G/B\). He sets, for brevity, \(\widetilde w = {\widetilde w}_{\widetilde\lambda}, w = w_\lambda\) and studies the \(G\)-equivariant pullback mapping \[ \pi^{\widetilde\lambda}: H\bigl(\widetilde G/\widetilde B,\widetilde{\mathcal O}(\widetilde\lambda)\bigr) \rightarrow H\bigl(G/B,\mathcal O(\lambda)\bigr), \] where \(H(\cdot,\cdot)\) denotes the total cohomology group \(\bigoplus_qH^q(\cdot,\cdot)\). By the Borel-Weil-Bott theorem, the domain space of \(\pi^{\widetilde\lambda}\) is a simple \(\widetilde G\)-module \(\widetilde V(\widetilde w\cdot\widetilde\lambda)^*\) and the target space is a simple \(G\)-module \(V(w\cdot\lambda)^*\); in addition, \(\pi^{\widetilde\lambda}\) is either surjective or zero by Schur's lemma. If \(\widetilde V\) is a simple \(\widetilde G\)-module, then a simple \(G\)-submodule \(V\) of \(\widetilde V\) is called a cohomological component of \(\widetilde V\) when \(V = \text{Im}\bigl((\pi^{\widetilde\mu})^*\bigr)\) for a suitable regular \(\widetilde\mu\in\widetilde{\mathcal P}\). The set of cohomological pairs of dominant weights is the set \(\mathcal C\) of all ordered pairs \((\mu,\widetilde\mu)\in{\mathcal P}^+\times\widetilde{\mathcal P}^+\) such that \(V(\mu)\) is a cohomological component of \(\widetilde V(\widetilde\mu)\). When \(\pi^{\widetilde\lambda}\) is nonzero, \((\pi^{\widetilde\lambda})^*\bigl(V(w\cdot\lambda)\bigr)\) is a cohomological component of \(\widetilde V(\widetilde w\cdot\widetilde\lambda)\). The author addresses the following problems: {\parindent 1cm \begin{itemize} \item[(I)] Determine necessary and sufficient conditions for the nonvanishing of \(\pi^{\widetilde\lambda}\). \item [(II)] Characterize the cohomological components of a given simple \(\widetilde G\)-module. \item [(III)] Depict the set \(\mathcal C\) of cohomological pairs of dominant weights. \end{itemize}} Using Kostant's theory of Lie algebra cohomology [\textit{B. Kostant}, Ann. Math. (2) 74, 329--387 (1961; Zbl 0134.03501)], he first works out problem (I). Let \(\varphi: G/B \rightarrow \widetilde G/\widetilde B\) be the \(G\)-equivariant embedding of complete flag manifolds of \(G\) and \(\widetilde G\) associated with the inclusion mapping of \(G\) into \(\widetilde G\); it may be interpreted as a mapping of \(K/T\) into \(\widetilde K/\widetilde T\). Then \(\varphi_0\) denotes the differential of \(\varphi\) evaluated at the neutral element of \(K/T\) and gives rise, after dualization, to a mapping of Grassmann algebras \(\varphi^*_0: \bigwedge\widetilde{\mathfrak n}^* \rightarrow \bigwedge{\mathfrak n}^*\). Given the basis \(\{e^*_{-\alpha}\mid\alpha\in\Delta^+\}\) of \(\mathfrak n^*\) dual to a suitable basis \(\{e_\alpha\mid\alpha\in\Delta^+\}\) of \(\mathfrak n\), the set \(\{e^*_{-\Phi}=\bigwedge_{\alpha\in\Phi}e^*_{-\alpha}\mid\Phi\subset\Delta^+\}\) is the basis of \(\bigwedge\mathfrak n^*\) dual to the basis \(\{e_\Phi=\bigwedge_{\alpha\in\Phi}e_\alpha\mid\Phi\subset\Delta^+\}\) of \(\bigwedge\mathfrak n\). The pullback \(\pi^{\widetilde\lambda}\) is nonzero if and only if the following two conditions are satisfied: {\parindent 1cm \begin{itemize} \item[(i)] \(\varphi_0^*(\widetilde e^*_{-\Phi_{\widetilde{^w}}}) = ae^*_{-\Phi_ w}\) for some \(a\in\mathbb C^*\). \item [(ii)] The \(G\)-submodule \(\mathfrak U(\mathfrak g)\widetilde v^{{\widetilde w}^{-1}(\widetilde w\cdot\widetilde\lambda)}\) of \(\widetilde V(\widetilde w\cdot\widetilde\lambda)\) contains a simple component isomorphic to \(V(w\cdot\lambda)\). \end{itemize}} Let \((\mu,\widetilde\mu)\in\mathcal P^+\times\widetilde{\mathcal P}^+\) with \(\mu = i^*(\widetilde\mu)\), let \(V(\mu)\) be a simple \(G\)-submodule of a simple \(\widetilde G\)-module \(\widetilde V(\widetilde\mu)\). It follows from condition (ii) that \(V(\mu)\) is a cohomological component of \(\widetilde V(\widetilde\mu)\) if and only if there exists a pair of Weyl group elements \(w,\widetilde w\) satisfying condition (i) and such that the weight vector \(v^{w^{-1}(\mu)}\in V(\mu)\) is not orthogonal to the weight vector \({\widetilde v}^{{\widetilde w}^{-1}(\widetilde\mu)}\) with respect to any \(\widetilde K\)-invariant Hermitian form on \(\widetilde V(\widetilde\mu)\), so that \(V(\mu) = \text{Im}\bigl((\pi^{\widetilde w^{-1}\cdot\widetilde\mu})^*\bigr)\). This is a solution to problem (II) and, in this paper, also the following partial solution to problem (III) is given. If \(w,\widetilde w\) are pairs of Weyl group elements satisfying condition (i), then \(\mathcal C = \bigcup_{w,\widetilde{w}}\mathcal C_{w,\widetilde{w}}\), where \(\mathcal C_{w,\widetilde{w}} = \mathcal C\cap\mathcal D_{w,\widetilde{w}}\) with a finitely generated submonoid \[ \mathcal D_{w,\widetilde{w}} = \{(\mu,\widetilde\mu)\in\mathcal P^+\times\widetilde{\mathcal P}^+\mid \mu = w\cdot i^*({\widetilde{w}}^{-1}\cdot\widetilde\mu)\} \] of \(\mathcal P^+\times\widetilde{\mathcal P}^+\). Moreover, \(\mathcal C_{w,\widetilde{w}}\) is a submonoid of \(\mathcal D_{w,\widetilde{w}}\) and there exists a positive integer \(k\), depending only on \(\varphi, w, \widetilde w\), such that \((k\mu,k\widetilde\mu)\in\mathcal C_{w,\widetilde{w}}\) for every \((\mu,\widetilde\mu)\in\mathcal D_{w,\widetilde{w}}\). The paper ends with applications, special cases, and examples.