The formal translation equation and formal cocycle equations for iteration groups of type I (Q2378028)

This is a thorough study of the title equations in the ring of formal power series over \(\mathbb{C}\) of type I. First to investigate is the translation equation: \[ F(s+t, x) = F(s, F(t,x)), \quad s, t \in \mathbb{C}, \tag{T} \] for \[ F(s,x) = \sum_{n \geq 1} {c_n(s)x^n} \in \mathbb{C}[[x]].\tag{ST} \] The iteration group \((F(s,x), \circ), x \in \mathbb{C}\) is said to be \textit{of type I} if in (ST) we have (a generalized exponential function) \(c_1 \not= 1\). The functions \(c_n\) being some polynomials in \(c_1\), the problem arises to find explicit formulae for coefficients of these polynomials. This has been achieved when \(c_1=1\) (formal power series of type II) in the papers by \textit{W. Jabłoński} and \textit{L. Reich} [Result. Math. 47, No. 1--2, 61--68 (2005; Zbl 1071.39028); Abh. Math. Semin. Univ. Hamb. 75, 179--201 (2005; Zbl 1087.39025)]. In the paper under review a new \textit{method of formal functional equations} of handling the problem is developed. The authors aim at finding solutions \[ G(y,x)= y x + \sum_{n \geq 2} {P_n(y)x^n} \in (\mathbb{C}[y])[[x]], \tag{ST*} \] where \(P_n(y)\) are polynomials in \(y\) over \(\mathbb{C}\), of the problem: \[ G(y \cdot z, x) = G(y, G(z,x)), \quad x, y, z \in \mathbb{C}; \qquad G(1,x) = x, \quad x \in \mathbb{C}. \tag{T*} \] They first show that the problem (T*) is equivalent to (T) (for \(F \in \mathbb{C}[[x]]\)) and then apply in (T*) suitable partial formal derivatives (in (\(\mathbb{C}[y]\)) to obtain three formal differential equations: \[ (\text{autonomous}) \quad z \frac{\partial}{\partial z} G(z,x) = H(G(z,x)); \tag{D*} \] \[ (\text{partial}) \quad y \frac{\partial}{\partial y} G(y,x) = H(x) \frac{\partial}{\partial x} G(y,x); \tag{PD*} \] \[ (\text{Aczél-Jabotinsky}) \quad H(x)\frac{\partial}{\partial x} G(y,x) =H(G(y,x)), \tag{AJ*} \] with \( H(x) = \frac{\partial}{\partial y} G(y,x)|_{y=1}\) standing for the infinitesimal generator of \(G\). In Theorems 4, 9 and 12 explicit (recursive) formulae are exhibited for coefficients of polynomials \(P_n(y)\), occurring in formal series solutions of each of equations (D*), (PD*) and (AJ*) -- therefore in solutions (ST*) of (T*). These formulae are found in a completely algebraic way. The authors point out that equation (T*) has already been solved by \textit{D. Gronau} [Aequationes Math. 25, 233--246 (1982; Zbl 0526.39009); ibid. 28, 312--320 (1985; Zbl 0571.39002)] who, however, approached the problem via construction of a power series transformation \(S\) to represent (ST*) in the form \(G(y,x) = S^{-1}(yS(x))\). With the aid of the \textit{method of formal functional equations} two cocycle equations are solved in the last section of the paper. They appear in the problem of a covariant embedding of the linear iterative functional equation \(\varphi(p(x)) = a(x) \varphi(x) + b(x)\) for suitable power series \(p(x), a(x)\) and \(b(x)\) with respect to an iteration group \((F(s,x), \circ), x \in \mathbb{C}\). In Theorems 17--20 and 22--24 one finds solutions of formal functional equations, corresponding to cocycle ones. The latter equations have already been studied by the authors, first in [Int. J. Bifurcation Chaos Appl. Sci. Eng. 13, No. 7, 1853--1875 (2003; Zbl 1062.39028)] and in the three subsequent papers that appeared in 2004 and 2006. The authors refer also to the pertinent contributions by \textit{G. Guzik} [Rocz. Nauk.-Dydakt., Pr. Mat. 16, 23--33 (1999; Zbl 1159.39307); Grazer Math. Ber. 344, 31--42 (2001; Zbl 1018.39012)], \textit{Z. Moszner} [Sitzungsber., Abt. II, Österr. Akad. Wiss., Math.-Naturwiss. Kl. 207, 173--182 (1998; Zbl 1042.39010)] and \textit{G. Guzik, W. Jarczyk} and \textit{J. Matkowski} [Bull. Pol. Acad. Sci., Math. 51, No. 2, 195--197 (2003; Zbl 1044.39017)].