Darboux theory of integrability in \(\mathbb C^n\) taking into account the multiplicity (Q2378206)

The authors deal with complex polynomial vector fields of the form \[ \chi = \sum_{i=1}^{n} P_i(x) \frac{\partial}{\partial x_i}, \quad x=(x_1, \dots, x_n) \in {\mathbb C}^n, \] where the polynomials \(P_i \in {\mathbb C}[x]\) have no common factor for \(i=1, \dots, n\). The aim of this paper is to improve the classical results of \textit{G. Darboux} [(1878; JFM 10.0214.01; JFM 10.0214.02; JFM 10.0214.03; JFM 10.0214.04)] and \textit{J. P. Joaunolou} [``Equations de Pfaff algébriques''. Lect. Notes Math. 708 (1979; Zbl 0477.58002)] on integrability (i.e., existence of rational and Darboux first integrals) of such vector fields taking into account the multiplicity of the invariant algebraic hypersurfaces. The main notions are as follows. A rational first integral is a first integral of the vector field \(\chi\) given by a rational function, and Darboux first integral is a first integral of \(\chi\) having the form \(\Bigl(\prod\limits_{i=1}^{r} f_i^{l_i}\Bigr) \exp(g/h)\), where \(f_i, g, h \in {\mathbb C}[x]\), and \(l_i \in {\mathbb C}\). Let \(f \in {\mathbb C}[x]\), then the hypersurface \(f=0\) in the phase space \({\mathbb C}^n\) is an invariant algebraic hypersurface of the vector field \(\chi\) if there exists a polynomial \(L_f \in {\mathbb C}[x]\) such that \(\chi (f) = f L_f\) (in particular, \(\chi (f) = 0\) at each point of the hypersurface \(f=0\)). Let \(f,g \in {\mathbb C}[x]\) and \((f,g)=1\), i.e., \(f\) and \(g\) are coprime polynomials, then the function \(\exp(g/ f)\) is an exponential factor of the vector field \(\chi\) if there exists a polynomial \(L_e \in {\mathbb C}[x]\) of degree \(\leq \max\limits_i \deg P_i - 1\) such that \(\chi (\exp(g/ f)) = \exp(g/ f) L_e\). The first theorem of the authors is a characterization of the algebraic multiplicity of an invariant algebraic hypersurface \(f=0\) of the vector field \(\chi\) through the number of exponential factors associated with this hypersurface. Let \(f=0\) be an irreducible invariant algebraic hypersurface of degree \(m\), and the vector field \(\chi\) restricted to \(f=0\) has no rational first integral. Then \(f=0\) has a defined algebraic multiplicity \(k\) if and only if \(\chi\) has \(k-1\) exponential factors \(\exp(g_i/f^i)\), where \(\deg g_i \leq im\), and \((g_i,f)=1\), for \(i=1, \dots, k-1\). Using this theorem the authors obtain their main results on a existence of rational and Darboux first integrals of the vector field \(\chi\).