On vortices and rings in extended Abelian models (Q2382629)

This paper is devoted to study the stability of the superconducting vortex rings. First, it is considered a U(1) model with a modified Ginzburg-Landau potential containing a cubic term for straight superconducting vortices. In this case, for the model consisting of a complex scalar field and a gauge field the Lagrangian density describing the system is constructed. Then, considering the configurations with cylindrical symmetry, being infinite straight strings, it is obtained the energy functional for minimization which is necessary to research a stability of the vortices. The numerical results, obtained for the U(1) model by using a standard minimization algorithm to minimize the energy functional, state the superconducting vortices exist in a small region of the parametric space where there is non-trivial solution. At the same time, out of the region, there is not non-trivial solution, demonstrating the vortex instability in the rest of the parametric space. Stable strings of the U(1) model could be useful in order to create vortex rings and study their stability. However, in this case, there are two instability modes one having to do with the defect itself and another which has to do with the loop that tends to shrink due to its tension. The former instability has been excluded in the earlier author paper [\textit{C. G. Doudoulakis}, Physica D 228, No. 2, 159--165 (2007; Zbl 1114.83312)] for topological reasons. Based on this paper, there are considered axially symmetric solitons in a U(1)eU(1) model by adding higher derivative terms in order to check whether they can stabilize the superconducting ring or not. The numerical results show that while the extra term can increase the supercurrent and can make the penetration of the magnetic field more difficult, as the string increases its diameter, but this increase is not enough in order for the ring to stabilize. Finally, there is discussion about necessary conditions for a ring stability, which in combination with the results above paper exclude the possibility of existence of such vortex ring in the model.