Quantum field theoretical description of unstable behavior of trapped Bose-Einstein condensates with complex eigenvalues of Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations (Q2382659)

It is known that the Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) equations are used for a number of theoretical works on the trapped Bose-Einstein condensates. These equations are known to give the energies of the quasi-particles when all the eigenvalues are real. The paper deals with such equations which have complex eigenvalues. In the paper after the definition of the model and its Hamiltonian, the BdG equations are introduced, and when all the eigenvalues are real, the mathematical properties of eigenfunctions including the zero-mode are summarized. Next, using doublet notations, the authors consider the case in which the complex eigenvalues arise in the BdG equations. Some mathematical properties of the eigenfunctions are summarized and the complete set of functions is given. Using this fact, the quantized fields are expanded. It is checked that the canonical commutation relation algebras (CCRs) are kept in this expansion. It is shown that the state space is an indefinite metric one and that the free Hamiltonian is not diagonalizable in the conventional bosonic representation. Then eigenstates of the free Hamiltonian are constructed, which are not normalizable. The complete set of states, corresponding to the complex eigenspace is discussed. The authors introduce the conditions for physical states, which are not only matched with the result of the experiment in which highly quantized vortex states are metastable, but also provide us with a consistent quantum field theory description of the unstable behavior. They establish some candidates of states as to whether all the conditions are satisfied. For the physical states, using Kubo's linear response theory, the density response of the system against the external perturbation of both impulsive and periodic types is calculated. As a result, it is shown that the complex eigenvalues correspond to the instability against some external time-dependent perturbations to the condensates.