Exponential times in the one-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation with multiple well potential (Q2384771)

The authors study the low energy states of the GP equation: \(i \hbar\partial_t \psi^t=H_0\psi^t+\varepsilon|\psi^t|^{2\sigma} \psi^t\), \(\psi^t|_{t=0}=\psi^0(x) \in L^2\), \(\|\psi^0\|_{L^2}=1\), where \(\sigma=1,2,\dots,H_0=-\hbar^2 (d/dx)^2+V\), and \(V(x)\): an \(N\)-well potential, \(H_0\varphi_i=\lambda_i\varphi_i, \lambda_1< \lambda_2<\dots\). One has \(\lambda_N-\lambda_1\ll \lambda_{N+1}-\lambda_N\), if \(\hbar\ll 1\). \(\|\varphi\|_s:= \|H_0^{s/2}\varphi \|_{L^2}< \infty\), \(s\geq 1\) for \(\varphi\in \text{Dom} (H_0^{s/2})\). They assume \(|\varepsilon|\ll\hbar^\sigma\), and introduce that \(\mu:=\omega+|\varepsilon|/ \hbar^\sigma\ll 1\), \(\omega=(\lambda_N-\lambda_1)/2\). Main theorem. There exists \(\mu_*>0\) such that if \(\mu<\mu_*\hbar^{3/2}\), then there exists a manifold \(M\) with the following properties: (i) \(M\) is close to \(\Phi_0:= \text{span}(\varphi_1,\dots,\varphi_N)\), i.e., \(d(\Phi_0,M):= \sup_{\psi\in \varphi_0}(\inf_{\varphi\in M}\|\psi-\varphi\|_s)\leq C \mu/\hbar^{3/2}\). (ii) Let \(d_0=d(\psi^0,M)=\inf_{\varphi\in M}\| \psi^0-\varphi\|_s\), and \(\delta= \max\{d_0,\exp[-\mu_*\hbar^{3/2}/ (2\mu)]\}\). For time fulfilling \(|t|\leq(\hbar C \mu\delta)^{-1}\), one has \(d(\psi^t,M)\leq C\delta\) and \(\|\Pi_c\psi^t\|_s\leq C \mu/\hbar^{3/2}\). Here \(\Pi=\sum_{j=1\sim N}\langle\varphi_j,\cdot\rangle \varphi_j\) and \(\Pi_c=1-\Pi\). (ii) means that the solutions \(\psi^t\) starting on \(M\), or close to it, will remain close to \(M\) for times \(t\) which are exponentially long with \(T\); \(T=\pi\hbar/\omega\) finding in the beating motion.