Tropical varieties for non-archimedean analytic spaces (Q2385042)

This paper proves three main theorems, the third of which provides a key step in the author's proof of the Bogomolov conjecture for totally degenerate abelian varieties over function fields [\textit{W. Gubler}, Invent. Math. 169, 377--400 (2007; Zbl 1153.14029)]. For the first main result, let \(\mathbb K\) be an algebraically closed field, complete with respect to a non-archimedean absolute value \(| \cdot| \); let \(v=-\log\| \cdot\| \) be the associated valuation; and let \(\Gamma=v(\mathbb K^\times)\) be the value group. Let \(X\) be an irreducible closed analytic subvariety of \(\mathbb G_{\text{m}}^n\) over \(\mathbb K\) of dimension \(d\). In this paper, analysis over \(\mathbb K\) refers to Berkovich's theory of analytic spaces. Define a map \(\text{val}\colon \mathbb G_{\text{m}}^n(\mathbb K)\to\mathbb R^n\) by \(\mathbf x\mapsto(v(x_1),\dots,v(x_n))\), where \(x_1,\dots,x_n\) are fixed coordinates on \(\mathbb G_{\text{m}}^n\). The closure of the image of \(X(\mathbb K)\) is a tropical variety. The first result of this paper is that this tropical variety is a connected totally concave locally finite union of \(d\)-dimensional \(\Gamma\)-rational polytopes. (The terminology from convex geometry is defined in the paper's appendix.) This result generalizes a theorem of \textit{M. Einsiedler, M. Kapranov} and \textit{D. Lind} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 601, 139--157 (2006; Zbl 1115.14051)], which treats the case where \(X\) is an algebraic subvariety of \(\mathbb G_{\text{m}}^n\). For the second result, let \(\mathbb K\) and \(v\) be as above, let \(\mathbb K^\circ\) denote the valuation ring of \(\mathbb K\), and let \(\widetilde{\mathbb K}\) denote its residue field. An abelian variety \(A\) over \(\mathbb K\) is \textit{totally degenerate} if \(A^{\text{an}}\cong\bigl(\mathbb G_{\text{m}}^n\bigr)_{\mathbb K}^{\text{an}}/M\) for a discrete subgroup \(M\) of \(\mathbb G_{\text{m}}^n(\mathbb K)\) mapped isomorphically by \(\text{val}\) to a complete lattice \(\Lambda\) in \(\mathbb R^n\). Let \(A\) be a totally degenerate abelian variety over \(\mathbb K\). Then there is a canonical map \(\overline{\text{val}}\colon A^{\text{an}}\to\mathbb R^n/\Lambda\), and hence a tropical variety \(\overline{\text{val}}(X^{\text{an}})\) associated to a closed analytic subvariety \(X\) of \(A\). This tropical variety is again a connected totally concave locally finite union of \(d\)-dimensional \(\Gamma\)-rational polytopes. The second result of this paper is that, if \(f\colon X'\to A\) is a morphism over \(\mathbb K\) and if \(\mathcal X'\) is a model for \(X'\) over \(\mathbb K^\circ\) satisfying certain conditions, then the special fiber of \(\mathcal X'\) has a \(\widetilde{\mathbb K}\)-rational point contained in at least \(1+\dim f(X')\) irreducible components. For the third result, let \(K\) be a field with a discrete valuation and let \(\mathbb K\) be the completion of the algebraic closure of the completion of \(K\). Let \(A\) be an abelian variety over \(K\) for which \(A_{\mathbb K}^{\text{an}}\) is totally degenerate, and let \(X\) be a closed subvariety of \(A\) of pure dimension \(d\). Let \(\overline L_1,\dots,\overline L_d\) be ample line bundles on \(A\) endowed with canonical metrics. The author notes that Berkovich theory does not currently have a definition for the Chern forms \(c_1(\overline L_i)\), but measures \(c_1(\overline L_1\big| _X)\wedge\dots\wedge c_1(\overline L_d\big| _X)\) on \(X_{\mathbb K}^{\text{an}}\) analogous to the top-dimensional forms in differential geometry have been defined by \textit{A. Chambert-Loir} [J. Reine Angew. Math. 595, 215--235 (2006; Zbl 1112.14022)]. This paper develops these measures further, and as its third main result shows that \(\overline{\text{val}}(c_1(\overline L_1\big| _X) \wedge\dots\wedge c_1(\overline L_d\big| _X))\) is a strictly positive piecewise Haar measure on the polytopal set \(\overline{\text{val}}\bigl(X_{\mathbb K}^{\text{an}}\bigr)\). The proof of this result is based on a study of Mumford's model \(\mathcal A\) of \(A\) associated to a \(\Gamma\)-rational polytopal decomposition of \(\mathbb R^n/\Lambda\). In a subsequent paper (cited earlier in this review), the author uses this result to prove a \textit{tropical equidistribution result} modeled after an equidistribution result of \textit{S. Zhang} [Ann. Math. (2) 147, 159--165 (1998; Zbl 0991.11034)]. This then leads (in the author's subsequent paper) to a proof of the Bogomolov conjecture over function fields for abelian varieties that are totally degenerate at at least one place.