The generalized normal form and formal equivalence of systems of differential equations with zero approximation (\(x^3_2, -x^3_1\)) (Q2387983)

The theory of normal forms gives a valuable tool in the local study of systems of ordinary differential equations. In this context, we look for the existence of (formal or analytic) transformations that reduce our original system of differential equations to a simple form, a normal form. This idea goes back to \textit{H. Poincaré} and \textit{G. D. Birkhoff} who first considered a non--degenerate stationary point and tried to locally transform the system to its linear part. The following step is to consider more degenerate singular points. The works of \textit{A. D. Bruno}, see for instance [Singularities, Banach Cent. Publ. 20, 103-120 (1988; Zbl 0676.34011)], show that in many cases, some problems of convergence do appear, which lead to the question whether there exists a convergent transformation to normal form for a given vector field. It is known that often such a convergent transformation does not exist, in fact, convergence is rare as soon as the normal form is not just equal to the linear part. \newline This paper treats the problem of encountering a formal normal form in a neighborhood of a certain degenerate stationary singular point, taken to be the origin, of a two-dimensional autonomous system of ordinary differential equations. In particular, the notions of resonance equations and generalized normal form are studied. The differential systems taken into consideration are of the form \[ \dot{x}_1 = x_2^3 + X_1(x), \quad \dot{x}_2 = -x_1^3 + X_2(x), \tag{1} \] where, using the author's notation, \(X_i(x) = \sum_{p=2}^{\infty} X_i^{(p+2)}(x)\) and \[ X_i^{(r)} = \sum_{s=0}^{r} X_i^{(s,r-s)} x_1^s x_2^{r-s}, i=1,2. \] An accurate study of the result of applying a formal change of variables as \(x_i=y_i+h_i(y)\), \(i=1,2\), with \(h_i=\sum_{p=2}^{\infty} h_i^{(p)} (y)\), to system (1) is given. This study gives rise to a set of resonance equations and to a characterization of the generalized normal forms associated to an arbitrary system (1). This paper is a straight continuation of the two following papers: \textit{V. V. Basov} [Differ. Equ. 39, 165--181 (2003); translation from Differ. Uravn. 39, No.~2, 145-170 (2003; Zbl 1078.34018)] and \textit{V. V.Basov} and \textit{A. V. Skitovich} [Differ. Equ. 39, 1067--1081 (2003); translation from Differ. Uravn. 39, No.~8, 1016-1029 (2003; Zbl 1084.34041)].