Control for Schrödinger operators on tori (Q2391603)

It is known that solutions of the equation \[ (-\Delta - \lambda)u(z) = f(z) \tag{1} \] on the torus \(\mathbb{T}^2 = \mathbb{R}^2 / A\mathbb{Z} \times B\mathbb{Z}\), where \(A,B \in \mathbb{R}\setminus\{0\}\), can be controlled by an arbitrary non-empty open set \(\Omega \subset \mathbb{T}^2\) in the sense that there exists a constant \(K = K(\Omega)\), depending only on \(\Omega\), such that the \(L^2\)-estimate \[ \|u\|_{L^2(\mathbb{T})} \leq K(\|f\|_{L^2(\mathbb{T})} + \|u\|_{L^2(\Omega)}) \tag{2} \] holds for any \(f \in L^2(\mathbb{T})\) and any corresponding solution \(u\) of (1) (see, \textit{S. Jaffard} [Port. Math. 47, No. 4, 423--429 (1990; Zbl 0718.49026)]). The authors show in the current paper that this result extends unchanged the Schrödinger equation \[ (-\Delta + V(z) - \lambda)u(z) = f(z), \] \(z \in \mathbb{T}^2\), where significantly the constant in (2) remains independent of the (real-valued) potential \(V \in C^\infty (\mathbb{T}^2)\). A similar estimate is shown to hold for the dynamical Schrödinger equation \[ \mathrm{i} \partial_t u(t,z) = (-\Delta + V(z))u(t,z), \tag{3} \] \(z \in \mathbb{T}^2\). More precisely, for any non-empty open set \(\Omega \subset \mathbb{T}^2\) and any time \(T>0\) there exists a constant \(K=K(\Omega,T)\) such that \[ \|u(0,\,.\,)\|_{L^2(\mathbb{T})}^2 \leq K \int_0^T \|u(t,\,.\,)\|_{L^2(\mathbb{T})}^2\,dt \tag{4} \] for any solution \(u\) of (3). The proofs are based on methods used in earlier works of the authors to study (1) for high energy frequencies \(\lambda \to \infty\) and involve proving a semi-classically localized version of (4), the latter together with the Duhamel formula implying (2).