Quadrangle groups inclusions (Q2400126)

Fuchsian groups play an important rôle in the study of Riemann surfaces and of their automorphism groups. In order to determine when an automorphism group of a Riemann surface is in fact its full automorphism group, it is crucial to know the inclusions of Fuchsian groups. The inclusions of triangle Fuchsian groups were determined by \textit{D. Singerman}, back in the seventies, in [Bull. Lond. Math. Soc. 2, 319--323 (1970; Zbl 0206.30804); J. Lond. Math. Soc., II Ser. 6, 29--38 (1972; Zbl 0251.20052)]. In the present paper the authors consider generalized quadrangle groups, which are defined by a presentation by generators and relations as follows: \(Q(k,l,m,n) = \langle x,y,z,w | x^k = y^l = z^m = w^n = xyzw = 1 \rangle\). At most one of the values \(k,l,m,n\) can be \(1\), and if this is the case, the group is a triangle group, and otherwise, a quadrangle group. The goal of the paper is to determine all inclusions between generalized quadrangle groups. They are obtained as Theorem 1, and consist of a list of 58 one- or two-parametric infinite families, and another one of 106 so-called sporadic cases. Both lists are displayed in Tables 8 and 9, which express the index of the inclusion, and whether the subgroup is or not a normal subgroup, as well as the number of different realisations of each inclusion. They include as particular cases the inclusions between triangle groups obtained by Singerman, and this work should be as useful as Singerman's has been for studying automorphism groups of Riemann surfaces.