On commuting probability of finite rings (Q2400614)

Let \(R\) be a finite ring and \(S\) a subring of \(R\). Define \(\text{Pr}(S, R)\) to be the probability that a randomly chosen pair \((s, r)\in S\times R\) is a commuting pair. This definition extends the previously-studied \(\text{Pr}(R)\), called the commuting probability of \(R\), which is just \(\text{Pr}(R, R)\). The paper includes several bounds on \(\text{Pr}(S, R)\) and \(\text{Pr}(R)\) for suitably chosen \(R\) and \(S\). The authors define a relation called \(\mathbb{Z}\)-isoclinism between pairs \((S,R)\); and they prove that if \((S_1, R_1)\) and \((S_2, R_2)\) are \(\mathbb{Z}\)-isoclinic, then \(\text{Pr}(S_1 R_1)=\text{Pr}(S_2, R_2)\).