Boundary value problems of Hadamard-type fractional differential equations and inclusions with nonlocal conditions (Q2405482)

In this paper, boundary value problems of Hadamard type fractional differential equations and inclusions with nonlocal boundary conditions are studied. First it is considered the boundary value problem \[ \begin{aligned} & D^\alpha x(t) = f(t,x(t)), \;\;\;1 <t <e, \;1 <\alpha \leq 2, \\ & x(1)=0, x(\eta) =g(x), \;\;1< \eta < e, \end{aligned}\tag{1} \] where \(D^\alpha\) is the Hadamard fractional derivative of order \(\alpha\), \(f : [1, e] \times \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) and \(g : C([0, 1],\mathbb{R}) \to \mathbb{R}\) are given continuous functions. By means of the contraction mapping principle the authors obtain sufficient conditions for existence and uniqueness of the solution of the boundary value problem (1). In addition, using a fixed point theorem for the sum of two operators, they prove sufficient conditions for the existence of at least one solution of (1). Next, the authors extend the results to cover the multi-valued case by considering the boundary value problem of Hadamard type fractional differential inclusions \[ \begin{aligned} & D^\alpha x(t) \in F(t,x(t)), \;\;\;1 <t <e, \;1 <\alpha \leq 2, \\ & x(1)=0, x(\eta) =g(x), \;\;1< \eta < e, \end{aligned}\tag{2} \] where \(F : [1, e] \times \mathbb{R} \to P(\mathbb{R})\) is a multivalued map, \(P(\mathbb{R})\) is the set of all nonempty subsets of \(\mathbb{R}\). The authors show the existence of at least one solution for the problem (2) by using the nonlinear alternative for contractive maps when the multivalued map \(F(t, x)\) is convex valued. Examples for all obtained results are given.