Periodic and subharmonic solutions with winding number for \(p\)-Laplacian equations by the Poincaré-Birkhoff theorem (Q2409479)

The author considers a generalized pendulum equation of the type \[ (\phi_p(x'))'+F_x(t,x)=e(t), \] where \[ '=\frac{d}{dt}\,,\quad F_x(t,x)=\frac{\partial F(t,x)}{\partial x}\,,\quad \phi_p(s)=|s|^{p-s}s, \] with \(1<p\leq2\). The funcion \(F(t,x)\) is assumed to be \(T\)-periodic in \(t\) and \(T_1\)-periodic in \(x\), while the function \(e(t)\) is \(T\)-periodic in \(t\), and \(\int_0^T e(t)\,dt=0\). By the use of a generalized version of the Poincaré-Birkhoff theorem due to Franks, assuming some regularity on the functions \(F\) and \(e\), they prove the existence of ``periodic solutions with winding number'', as stated in the title. These solutions, also called ``running solutions'', or ``periodic solutions of the second kind'', are such that \[ x(t+T)=x(t)+NT_1\,, \] for some integer \(N\). Subharmonic solutions of this kind are also obtained, by the same method.