Variational approach to differential equations with not instantaneous impulses (Q2409551)

In this article, authors investigate non-instantaneous impulsive differential equations \[ \begin{cases} -u''(t)=\sigma_i(t),\quad t \in (s_i, t_{i+1}],\; i = 0, 1, \dots ,N,\\ u'(t) = \alpha_i,\quad t \in (t_i, s_i],\; i = 1, 2, \dots ,N,\\ u'(s^+_i ) = u'(s^-_i ),\quad i=1,2,\dots ,N,\\ u(0) = u(T) = 0,\quad u'(0) = \alpha_0, \end{cases} \eqno{(1)} \] where \(0 =s_0<t_1< s_1< t_2< s_2<\cdots<t_N< s_N< t_{N+1}=T\), the impulses start abruptly at the points \(t_i\) and keep the derivative constant on the finite time interval \((t_i, s_i],\, \sigma_i \in L^2((s_i, t_{i+1}),\mathbb R)\) and \(\alpha_i\) are given constants. Here \(u'(s^\pm_i )=\lim_{s\to s^\pm_i} u'(s).\) To be able to use the variational approach, the authors find critical points of the functional \(\Phi :H^1_0 \to \mathbb R\) defined by \[ \Phi(u) = \frac{1}{2}\int^T_0 | u'(t)|^2\,dt - \sum^N_{i=1} (\alpha_{i-1} - \alpha_i) u(t_i) - \sum^N_{i=0} \int^{t_{i+1}}_{s_i} \sigma_i(t)(u(t) - u(t_{i+1}))\,dt. \] By the Lax-Milgram theorem, the authors obtain the following result Theorem 1. The non-instantaneous impulsive problem (1) has a unique weak solution \(u \in H^1_0 (0, T)\) for any \(\sigma_i \in L^2(s_i, t_{i+1})\). Moreover, \(u\) minimizes the functional \(\Phi(u).\)