On the origin of dual Lax pairs and their \(r\)-matrix structure (Q2410642)

The authors investigate the existence of dual integrable hierarchies with the same \(r\)-matrix but non-equivalent Poisson structures. Originally, based on a field-theoretic approach and on a constraint analysis, the mechanism behind such dual integrable hierarchies was understood by means of the much more general Lie-Poisson bracket construction on a co-adjoint orbit of a loop algebra, see [\textit{H. Flaschka} et al., Physica D 9, 300--323 (1983; Zbl 0643.35098)]. The authors of this paper draw their construction from Semenov-Tian-Shanky's \(R\)-operator and explicitly construct the mapping from the Flaschka-Newell-Ratiu formalism to the standard \(r\)-matrix formulas. They obtain the dual integrable structures, and show that indeed they share the same \(r\)-matrix. There are several explicit examples illustrating the general construction. This is an interesting well-written paper containing many detailed discussions, prompting to further investigations of the \(r\)-matrix which emerges.