Regularization of discontinuous foliations: blowing up and sliding conditions via Fenichel theory (Q2411371)

A basic example of an oriented discontinuous foliation is determined by the vector field \[ X = \biggl(\frac{1+\text{sgn}(f)}{2}\biggr) X_+ + \biggl(\frac{1-\text{sgn}(f)}{2}\biggr) X_-, \eqno(1) \] where \(X_{\pm}\) are smooth vector fields and \(f\) is a smooth function. Assuming that the discontinuity locus \(\Sigma = f^{-1}(0)\) is a regular manifold, a point \(p \in \Sigma\) is called \textit{sewing} if \(L_{X_+}f \, L_{X_-}f >0\), \textit{sliding} if \(L_{X_+}f \, L_{X_-}f <0\), or \textit{singular} if \(L_{X_+}f \, L_{X_-}f =0\) (here \(L\) means the Lie derivative). In a neighborhood of sewing and sliding points, the behavior of integral curves of the field \(X\) is well-known, due to Filippov's convention. The case that \(p \in \Sigma\) is a critical point of \(f\) is one of subjects discussed in this paper. One of the main tools in the study of discontinuous foliation on the manifold \(M\) is the \textit{regularization}, a family of smooth vector fields \(X_{\epsilon}\) depending on a parameter \(\epsilon>0\) and such that \(X_{\epsilon}\) converges uniformly to \(X\) in each compact subset of \(M \setminus \Sigma\) as \(\epsilon \to 0\). The regularization of the foliation (1) can be obtained in the form \[ X_{\epsilon} = \frac{1}{2}\biggl(1+ \varphi\Bigl(\frac{f}{\epsilon}\Bigr)\biggr) X_+ + \frac{1}{2}\biggl(1- \varphi\Bigl(\frac{f}{\epsilon}\Bigr)\biggr) X_-, \] where \(\varphi\) is a smooth monotonic function. Using this regularization, Sotomayor and Teixeira developed a systematic study of the singularities and structural stability of foliations (1). In the present paper, the authors study the regularization of oriented discontinuous 1-foliations on a smooth manifold (with corners), where the discontinuity locus \(\Sigma\) is a closed subset of \(M\). In the spirit of famous Filippov's book, they define a sliding and sewing dynamics on \(\Sigma\) as a sort of limit of the dynamics of a nearby smooth 1-foliation and obtain conditions to identify whether a point belongs to the sliding or sewing regions. One of the main tools are singular perturbations and blow-up techniques.