Inverse scattering for the magnetic Schrödinger operator on surfaces with Euclidean ends (Q2412378)

Let \((S_0,g)\) be a Riemannian surface of genus \(\mathcal G\) with \(N\) ends, each one isometric to the euclidean domain \((\{z\in\mathbb{C} ,|z|\geq1\},|dz|^2)\). The magnetic Schrödinger operator \(L_{X,V}=(d+iX)^*(d+iX)+V\) is determined by the scalar potential \(V\in{\mathcal C}(S_0,\mathbb{R})\) and the \(1\)-form potential \(X\in{\mathcal C}(T^*S_0)\). The scattering matrix \(S_{V,X}(\lambda)\) at energy \(\lambda\in\mathbb{R}^*\) describes the asymptotics of the \(\lambda^2\)-harmonic functions \(u\) on \(S_0\) : these functions satisfy \((L_{X,V}-\lambda^2)u=0\) on \(S_0\) and have asymptotics expansion on the natural compactification for \(S_0\) obtained by adding a circle on each end. This paper establishes the injectivity of the scattering map \((V,X)\to S_{V,X}(\lambda)\) for any fixed energy \(\lambda\) and under condition of exponential decay for \(V\) and \(X\). Because of gauge invariance, injectivity must be understood for the gauge class of \(X\): if \(S_{V_1,X_1}(\lambda)=S_{V_2,X_2}(\lambda)\), then \(V_1=V_2\) and there exists \(\Theta\in{\mathcal C}(S_0,\mathbb{S}^1)\) such that \(X_2=d\Theta/\Theta+X_1\). The exponential decay condition on the field \(U\) means that \(U\in \text{e}^{-\gamma d_0}L^\infty(S_0)\) for any \(\gamma>0\): the function \(d_0\) is the distance function \(s\in S_0\mapsto d_0(s)=d_{S_0}(s,s_0)\) where \(s_0\) is a fixed base point in \(S_0\). Beyond a slight smoothness condition on the potentials \(V,X\), the injectivity is proved under the topological condition \(N\geq\max(2{\mathcal G}+1,2)\). The proof uses heavily the Melrose \(b\)-calculus, which is perfectly adapted to the analysis at infinity of the surface \(S_0\), its scattering matrix and some natural Cauchy-Riemann operators. The consideration of the surface \(S\) obtained by adding a point for each end of \(S_0\) is also very useful, given an interplay between the Riemannian properties of the surface \(S_0\) with euclidean ends and the conformal complex structure on the surface \(S\). The key step is the construction of two families of complex geometric optics solutions \(u_h\) depending on a small semi-classical parameter \(h\) such that \((L_{X,V}-\lambda^2)u_h=0\) in the spirit of Bukhgeim's construction [\textit{A. L. Bukhgeim}, J. Inverse Ill-Posed Probl. 16, No. 1, 19--33 (2008; Zbl 1142.30018)]: the \(u_h\) are build with adapted Morse holomorphic functions on \(S_0\) whose existence is given by Riemann-Roch theorem on \(S\) (the condition \(N\geq\max(2{\mathcal G}+1,2)\) implies the existence of such an holomorphic function) and some refined Carleman estimates. Through a stationary phase calculation, the first family is used to state the gauge class equality for the magnetic potentials \(X_i\), the second one giving the equality of the electric potentials \(V_1=V_2\). This paper can be considered as a follow-up to the work [\textit{C. Guillarmou} and al., Commun. Math. Phys. 303, No. 3, 761--784 (2011; Zbl 1215.58015)] where injectivity was proved for the scattering map at energy \(\lambda\) of the Schrödinger operator \(\Delta+V\) with exponentially decaying potential \(V\) without magnetic field.