Characterization of \(H^1\) Sobolev spaces by square functions of Marcinkiewicz type (Q2420234)

Let \(M^\alpha\) with \(\alpha>0\) be the class of all bounded, compactly supported functions \(\Phi\) on \(\mathbb{R}^n\) with \(\int_{\mathbb{R}^n}\Phi(x)\,dx=1\) and, if \(\alpha>1\), \[\int_{\mathbb{R}^n}\Phi(x)x^\gamma\,dx=0\qquad 1\le |\gamma|\le [\alpha].\] Given \(\Phi\in M^\alpha\), let \[G_\alpha(f)(x)=\left(\int_0^\infty|f(x)-\Phi_t\ast f(x)|^2\,\frac{dt}{t^{1+2\alpha}}\right)^{1/2}.\] This square function has been used by the author to characterize weighted Sobolev spaces in [Integral Equations Oper. Theory 87, No. 1, 15--44 (2017; Zbl 1364.42025)]. In the paper under review, the author proves that a Lusin-area function variant of \(G_\alpha\) can be used to characterize (weighted) Hardy-Sobolev spaces. The Lusin-area function is given by \[U_\alpha(f)(x)=\left(\int_0^\infty\int_{B(x,t)} |f(z)-\Phi_t\ast f(z)|^2 \,dz\; t^{-n-2\alpha} \,\frac{dt}t\right)^{1/2}\] and the author proves that, given \(\Phi\in M^\alpha\), if \(|\widehat{\Phi}(\xi)|\le C(1+|\xi|)^{-\beta}\) for some \(\beta>n-\alpha\), then \(f\) belongs to the Hardy-Sobolev space \(W^\alpha_{H^1}(\mathbb{R}^n)\) if and only if \(f\in H^1(\mathbb{R}^n)\) and \(U_\alpha(f)\in L^1(\mathbb{R}^n).\) In particular, when \(n=1\) and \(\alpha=1\), a characterization of the weighted Hardy-Sobolev space is obtained: given a Muckenhoupt weight \(w\in A_1\), \(f\) belongs to the weighted Hardy-Sobolev space \(W^1_{H^1_w}(\mathbb{R})\) if and only if \(f\in H^1_w(\mathbb{R})\) and \(\nu(f)\in L^1_w(\mathbb{R})\), where \(\nu\) is the Marcinkiewicz function \[\nu(f)(x)=\left(\int_0^\infty |f(x+t)+f(x-t)-2f(x)|^2\frac{dt}{t^3}\right)^{1/2}.\]