Addition formulae, Bäcklund transformations, periodic solutions, and quadrilateral equations (Q2420756)

Addition formulae of trigonometric and elliptic functions can be used to generate Bäcklund transformations and solutions of quadrilateral partial difference equations. Specifically, the authors obtain periodic solutions for a number of multidimensionally consistent affine linear and multiquadratic quadrilateral equations. \par Among the variety of discrete integrable systems, quadrilateral equations, equipped with multidimensional consistency, provide one of the simplest types of integrable partial difference equations and are playing important roles in the research of discrete integrable systems. Scalar multidimensionally consistent quadrilateral equations have been classified with extra restrictions (affine linearity, D4 symmetry, and tetrahedron property) and the results are listed in the Alder-Bobenko-Suris (ABS) classification [\textit{V. E. Adler} et al., Commun. Math. Phys. 233, No. 3, 513--543 (2003; Zbl 1075.37022)]. These equations have been extended to the multiquadratic case by \textit{J. Atkinson} and \textit{M. Nieszporski} [Int. Math. Res. Not. 2014, No. 15, 4215--4240 (2014; Zbl 1305.37033)]. \par The generic form of a quadrilateral equation is \[ Q(u, \tilde{u}, \hat{u}, \hat{\tilde{u}}; p, q) = 0, \tag{1}\] where \[ u = u(n, m) = u_{n,m}, \quad \tilde{u} = u_{n+1,m}, \quad \hat{u} = u_{n,m+1}, \quad \hat{\tilde{u}} = u_{n+1,m+1}, \tag{2}\] and $p$ and $q$ are respectively the spacing parameters in the $n$- and $m$-direction. If Equation (1) is multidimensionally consistent, one can immediately write out its Bäcklund transformation (BT) in the following form: \[ Q(u, \tilde{u}, \bar{u}, \tilde{\bar{u}}; p, r) = 0, \tag{3a}\] \[ Q(u, \bar{u}, \hat{u}, \hat{\bar{u}}; r, q) = 0, \tag{3b}\] where $\bar{u}$ is viewed as a new solutions of equation (1) as well as a shift of $u$ along a third direction $l$. Here $r$ is the spacing parameter in the $l$-direction. Such BTs are useful in generating solutions to equation (1). \par Addition formulae of periodic functions such as trigonometric functions and elliptic functions can be obtained from BTs of differential equations. On the other side, these formulae can be considered as one-step shift relations. \par The generic form of the above shift relation is \[ f (u, U, \tilde{u}, \tilde{U} , p) = 0, \qquad f (u, U, \hat{u}, \hat{U} , q) = 0. \tag{4}\] \par In this paper, inspired by some addition formulae of trigonometric functions and elliptic functions, the authors construct systems of the coupled form (4). Then, for each system, by checking its compatibility, they find a consistent triplet that consists of two quadrilateral equations and their BT in the form (4). Meanwhile, the authors also obtain periodic solutions of the consistent triplet.