Entire solutions of certain type of non-linear difference equations (Q2422090)

The aim of this paper is to study the existence of entire solutions of finite order of nonlinear difference equations of the form \[ f^{n} (z)+q(z)\Delta_{c}f(z) = p_{1}e^{\alpha_{1}z} + p_{2} e^{\alpha_{2}z}, \qquad n \geq 2, \] and \[ f^{n}(z) + q(z)e^{Q(z)}f (z + c) = p_{1}e^{\lambda z} + p_{2}e^{-\lambda z}, \qquad n \geq 3, \] where $q, Q$ are nonzero polynomials, $c, \lambda, p_{i} , \alpha_{i}$ ($i = 1, 2$) are nonzero constants such that $\alpha_{1}\neq \alpha_{2}$ and $\Delta_{c}f (z) = f (z + c) - f (z)$. The main results are the following: Theorem 1. Let $n \geq 2$ be an integer, $q$ be a nonzero polynomial, $c, \lambda, p_{1} , p_{2}$ be nonzero constants. If there exists some entire solution $f$ of finite order to the equation \[ f^{n} (z)+q(z)\Delta_{c}f(z) = p_{1}e^{\lambda z} + p_{2} e^{-\lambda z}, \] then $q$ is a constant, and $n = 2$ or $n = 3$. If $n = 2$, then \[ f (z) = q + c_{1} e^{\frac{\lambda}{2}z} + c_{2} e^{-\frac{\lambda}{2}z}, \] where $q^{4} = 4 p_{1} p_{2}$, $c_{1}^{2} = p_{1}$, $c_{2}^{2} = p_{2}$, $\lambda c = 2k\pi i$, $k\in \mathbb{Z}$ and $k$ is odd. If $n = 3$, then \[ f (z) = c_{1} e^{\frac{\lambda}{3}z} + c_{2} e^{-\frac{\lambda}{3}z}, \] where $q^{3}=\frac{27}{8}p_{1}p_{2}$, $c_{1}^{3}=p_{1}$, $c_{2}^{3}=p_{2}$, $\lambda c=2k\pi i$, $k\in \mathbb{Z}$ and $k$ is odd. Theorem 2. Let $q$ be a nonzero polynomial, $c, p_{i} , \alpha_{i}$ ($i = 1, 2$) be nonzero constants such that $\alpha_{1} \pm \alpha_{2} \neq 0$. If $f$ is an entire solution of the equation \[ f^{2}(z)+q(z)\Delta_{c}f(z)=p_{1}e^{\alpha_{1}z}+p_{2}e^{\alpha_{2}z}, \] then $q$ is a constant, $\rho(f) = 1$ and one of the following conclusions hold: A) $f(z)= c_{1}e^{\frac{\alpha_{1}}{2}z}$, and $c_{1}\left(e^{\frac{\alpha_{1}}{2}c}-1\right)q=p_{2}$, $\alpha_{1}=2\alpha_{2}$; B) $f(z)= c_{2}e^{\frac{\alpha_{2}}{2}z}$, and $c_{2}\left(e^{\frac{\alpha_{2}}{2}c}-1\right)q=p_{1}$, $\alpha_{1}=2\alpha_{1}$, where $c_{1}, c_{2}$ are nonzero constants satisfying $c_{1}^{2}=p_{1}$, $c_{2}^{2}=p_{2}$; C) There hold \[ T (r , \varphi) + S(r , f ) = \kappa T (r , f ), \quad 0 < \kappa\leq 1, \] and \[ N\left(r, \frac{1}{f}\right)+S(r, f)= \iota T(r, f), \quad 1-\frac{\kappa}{2}\leq \iota \leq 1, \] where $\varphi=\alpha_{1}\alpha_{2}f^{2}-2(\alpha_{1}+\alpha_{2})ff'+2(f')^{2}+2ff''$. Theorem 3. Let $n \geq 3$ be an integer, let $c, \lambda, p_{1} , p_{2} \in \mathbb{C}\setminus \left\{0\right\}$ be constants and let $q, Q$ be polynomials such that $Q$ is not a constant and $q \not\equiv 0$. If $f$ is an entire solution of the equation \[ f^{n}(z)+q(z)e^{Q(z)}f(x+c)=p_{1}e^{\lambda z}+p_{2}e^{-\lambda z}, \] the the following statements hold: (i) Every solution $f$ satisfies $\rho(f) = \mathrm{deg}\,Q = 1$. (ii) If a solution belongs to $\Gamma_{0}$, then \[ f(z)= e^{\frac{\lambda z}{n}+B} \qquad Q(z)=-\frac{n+1}{n}\lambda z+b \] or \[ f(z)= e^{-\frac{\lambda z}{n}+B} \qquad Q(z)=\frac{n+1}{n}\lambda z+b, \] where $b, B\in \mathbb{C}$.