Subordination of \(p\)-harmonic mappings (Q2428775)

Let \(p\geq 1\). A \(2p\) times continuously differentiable complex function \(F= u+ iv\) in \(\mathbb{D}= \{|z|< 1\}\) is called \(p\)-harmonic if \(F\) satisfies the \(p\)-harmonic equation \(\Delta^p F=\Delta(\Delta^{p-1} F)= 0\), where \(\Delta\) is the usual Laplace operator. Using the characterisation of \(p\)-harmonic functions obtained by \textit{S. Chen}, \textit{S. Ponnusamy} and \textit{X. Wang} [J. Math. Anal. Appl. 373, No. 1, 102--110 (2011; Zbl 1202.31003)], if two functions \(f(z)= \sum^p_{k=1} |z|^{2(k-1)} g_{p-k+1}(z)\) and \(F(z)= \sum^p_{k=1} |z|^{2(k-1)} G_{p-k+1}(z)\) are \(p\)-harmonic, then \(f\) is subordinate to \(F\) if there exists a Schwarz function \(\varphi\) such that \(f(z)= F(\varphi(z))\) in \(\mathbb{D}\). The authors obtain a characterisation of this subordination in terms of dilatations in the case that all the \(G\)s are univalent harmonic mappings, obtain majorisation results on the integral means of \(f\) and \(F\) and of their real parts, and examine the family of extreme points of \(p\)-harmonic functions subordinate to a given \(p\)-harmonic function. These results extend earlier results of a range of authors for the case that \(p=1\).