Realization of the Perron effect whereby the characteristic exponents of solutions of differential systems change their values (Q2429695)

The two-dimensional linear system \[ x' = A(t)x \] and its perturbation \[ y' = A(t)y + f(t, y) \] are considered and the following result is obtained: for arbitrary parameters \(\lambda_1 \leq \lambda_2 <0\), \(\beta_2 \geq \beta_1 \geq \lambda_2\) and \(m>1\), there exist a linear system with bounded infinitely differentiable matrix \(A(t)\), \(t\geq t_0\) with characteristic exponents \(\lambda_1(A)=\lambda_1 \leq \lambda_2(A)=\lambda_2 <0\), and a perturbation \(f: [t_0, +\infty)\times \mathbb{R}^2 \to \mathbb{R}^2\) infinitely differentiable in time and continuously differentiable with respect to \(y\in\mathbb{R}^2\) such that the nontrivial solutions \(y(t, c)\) of the perturbed system have Lyapunov exponents \(\lambda[y(\cdot, c)] = \beta_1\) for \(c_1 =0\) and \(\lambda[y(\cdot, c)] = \beta_2\) for \(c_1\not= 0\). Therefore, the Perron effect is fully realized, that is, the characteristic exponents of exponentially stable linear systems change their sign under perturbations of higher-order smallness. This extends the authors' previous results [Differ. Equ. 46, No.~10, 1395--1408 (2010); translation from Differ. Uravn. 46, No.~10, 1388--1402 (2010; Zbl 1215.34062); a brief outline of the paper can be found in Dokl. Math. 82, No.~2, 798--800 (2010); translation from Dokl. Akad. Nauk., Ross. Akad. Nauk. 434, No.~6, 604--608 (2010; Zbl 1217.34089)].