Functional method for the localization of invariant compact sets in discrete systems (Q2429701)

The paper under review deals with the problem of localization of invariant compact sets for autonomous discrete systems given by the recursion relation \[ x_{n+1}=F(x_n),\tag{\(*\)} \] with a continuous function \(F:M\to M\) and \(M\subseteq \mathbb{R}^n\). A set \(K\subseteq M\) is positively (negatively) invariant if \(F(K)\subset K\) (\(F^{-1}(K)\subset K\)). \(K\) is invariant if it is positively and negatively invariant. Invariant sets arise, for example, as trajectories, minimal sets and attractors of dynamical systems. The paper suggests the following method for the localization of such sets. For an arbitrary continuous function \(\varphi:M\to M\), let \[ \Sigma_{\varphi}^+:=\{x\in M:\varphi(F(x))-\varphi(x)\geq 0\}, \] \[ \Sigma_{\varphi}^-:=\{x\in M:\varphi(F(x))-\varphi(x)\leq 0\}. \] Define \(\varphi_{\inf}^{r}:=\inf_{x\in\Sigma_{\varphi}^+}\varphi(x)\), \(\varphi_{\sup}^{r}:=\sup_{x\in\Sigma_{\varphi}^-}\varphi(x)\) and set \[ \Omega_{\varphi}^r:=\{x\in M:\varphi_{\inf}^{r}\leq\varphi(x)\leq\varphi_{\sup}^{r}\}. \] Call the set \(\Omega_{\varphi}^r\) positively \(\varphi\)-localizing. The author shows that any positively invariant compact set of the system \((*)\) lies in the set \(\Omega_{\varphi}^r\). Analogously, the negatively \(\varphi\)-localizing and \(\varphi\)-localizing sets, \(\Omega_{\varphi}^l\) and \(\Omega_{\varphi}\), respectively, are defined, and it is shown that any negatively invariant (invariant) compact set of \((*)\) must be contained in \(\Omega_\varphi^l\) (in \(\Omega_\varphi\)). In certain cases, the position of compact invariant sets may be further approximated by considering the \(\psi\)-localizing set within the \(\varphi\)-localizing set for another continuous function \(\psi\). The paper discusses several properties of localizing sets and provides a number of illustrative examples. In the concluding two sections of the paper the author constructs localizing sets of positively and negatively invariant compact sets for the discrete Henon systems of the form \[ x_{n+1}=a+by_n-x_n^2, \qquad y_{n+1}=x_n, \] with \(a,b>0\).