Anti-periodic solutions for second order differential equations (Q2430038)

The authors consider the existence of anti-periodic solutions for the following second order differential equation \[ (p(t)x')'+f(t,x)=0,\tag{1} \] where \(p\in C^1(\mathbb R)\) is a given \(T\)-periodic function, and \(p(t)>0\); \(f\in C^1(\mathbb R\times\mathbb R)\) is a \(T\)-anti-periodic function. Furthermore it is assumed that if {\parindent=8.5mm \begin{itemize}\item[(A1)] there exist two constants \(a\) and \(b\) such that \[ a\leq\frac{f_{x}(t,x)}{p(t)}\leq b \] for all \(t\in R\) and \(x\in R\); \item[(A2)] there exists a nonnegative integer \(m\) satisfying \[ \frac{\pi^{2}}{T^2}m^2<a\leq b<\frac{\pi^{2}}{T^2}\,(m+1)^2. \] \end{itemize}} Then, equation (1) has a unique \(T\)-anti-periodic solution. This is Theorem 1 of the paper. The second theorem (Theorem 2) of the paper deals with the linear equation \[ (p(t)x')'+q(t)x=h(t),\tag{2} \] where \(p\) and \(q\) are the given \(T\)-periodic functions, and \(p(t)>0\); \(h\) is a \(T\)-anti-periodic function. If there exist two constants \(a\) and \(b\) such that \[ a\leq\frac{q(t)}{p(t)}\leq b\quad\text{for all }t\in\mathbb R\text{ and }x\in\mathbb R;\tag{H1} \] \[ \frac{\pi^{2}}{T^2}\,m^2<a\leq b<\frac{\pi^{2}}{T^2}\,(m+1)^2 \quad\text{for a nonnegative integer }m,\tag{H2} \] then equation (2) has a unique \(T\)-anti-periodic solution. The proofs are based on the combination of a bilinear form and the Leray-Schauder principle.