Nonelliptic partial differential equations. Analytic hypoellipticity and the courage to localize high powers of T (Q2430559)

The question of higt smoothness of solutions to partial differential equations, in particular the equation studied in this book called the ``\(\overline\partial\)-Neumann problem'' and complex boundary Laplacian \(\square_b\), lies at the interface between real and complex analysis and has deep repercussions. This book consists of the following 14 chapters. 1. What this book is and is not. 2. Brief introduction. 3. Overview of proofs. Here one gives the definition of the subelliptic estimates and the outline of proof of the regularity in each classes (\(C^\infty\), Gevrey, analytic) for second-order differential operators satisfying the subelliptic estimates. 4. Full proof for the Heisenberg group. Here one mentions how to derive the subelliptic estimates for Heisenberg group. 5. Coefficients. Here a generalization of Heisenberg group is made as a form \(P= \sum^n_{j,k=1} a_{jk} Z_jZ_k\), where \(Z_j\) real vector fields. 6. Pseudodifferential problem. Here one investigates the differential operators with pseudodifferential coefficients, that is, \(P=\sum_{|I|\leq 2}C_I(x, D)Z^I\), where \(C_I\) are pseudodifferential operators of order \(0\) and \(Z\) is a real vector field. 7. General sums of squares of real vector fields. In this chapter the Gevrey hypoellipticity for \(P= \sum^r_{j=1} X^2_j\) is investigated, where \(X_j\) are real vector fields. 8. The \(\overline\partial\)-Neumann problem and the boundary Laplacian. In this chapter the real analytic regularity of \(\overline\partial\)-Neumann problem is treated. The two theorems below are stated and are proved in the chapter 10. Let \(A(\overline\Omega\cap V)\) mean the space of all forms that are real analytic up to the boundary of \(\overline\Omega\cap V\) in \(V\). Theorem 8.1. In a neighborhood \(V\) of \(p_0\in\partial\Omega\), let \(\Omega\) be strictly pseudoconvex with real analytic boundary. Then the \(\overline\partial\)-Neumann problem is analytic hypoelliptic up to the boundary near \(0\); that is, if \(u\) is a solution to the \(\overline\partial\)-Neumann problem \(\square_bu= \alpha\) and if \(\alpha\in A(\overline\Omega\cap V)\), then \(u\in A(\overline\Omega\cap V)\). Theorem 8.2. Let \(V\) be a neighborhood of a point \(p_0\) in a real analytic, strictly pseudoconvex \(CR\) manifold \(\Gamma\). Let \(u\) solve \(\square_b u=\alpha\) in \(V\) with \(\alpha\) real analytic in \(V\). Then \(u\) is real analytic in \(V\). 9. Symmetric degeneracies. Here one gives the definition of weakly pseudoconvex domain. 10. Details of the previous chapter. In this chapter the details of the previous chapter are given, that is, it is proved that local real analytic hypoellipticity in both the \(\overline\partial\)-Neumann problem and \(\square_b\), for pseudoconvex domains. The following two theorems are proved. Theorem 10.1. Let \(V\) be a neighborhood of a point \(p_0\) in a real analytic , strictly pseudoconvex \(CR\) manifold \(\Gamma\) that is locally given in \(C^n\) by \(\text{Im\,}w= h(|z^2|)\) with \(h\) real analytic and not idently constant. Let \(u\) solve \(\square_b u=\alpha\) in \(V\) with \(\alpha\) real analytic in \(V\). Then \(u\) is real analytic in \(V\). Theorem 10.2. In a neighborhood \(V\) of \(p_0\in\partial\Omega\), let \(\Omega\) be pseudoconvex and given by \(\text{Im\,}w> h(|z|^2)\) with \(h\) real analytic and not constant. Then the \(\overline\partial\)-Neumann problem is analytic hypoelliptic up to the boundary near \(0\); that is, if \(u\) is a solution to the \(\overline\partial\)-Neumann problem and if \(\alpha\in A(\overline\Omega\cap V)\) then \(u\in A(\overline\Omega\cap V)\). 11. Nonsymplectic strata and germ analytic hypoellipticity. Treves' conjecture states that in order to have analytic hypoellipticity the characteristic variety for the operator and all the subdiary Poisson strata should be symplectic. One explains that however if one alters the definition of analytic hypoellipticity and replaces it by analytic hypoellipticity in the sense of germs, there are situations in which not all strata are symplectic yet one has analyticity in this sense. 12. Operators of Kohn type that lose derrivatives. The operators of Kohn type \(P= LL^*+(\overline z^kL)^*(\overline z^kL)\), \(L={\partial\over\partial z}+i\overline z{\partial\over\partial z}\) are discussed here. 13. Nonlinear problems. An aim in this chapter is to prove a gloval analytic regularity result on a compact manifold for some quasilinear equations. 14. Treves' approach. Here one states a class of systems of pseudodifferential with scalar principal part \(P= I_dP_2+ B_1\), where \(P_2\) and \(B_1\) are classical analytic peudodifferential operators of order 2 and 1, respectively, \(P_2\) is a scalar operator satisfying some conditions which are a generalization of the complex boundary Laplacian \(\square_b\), and \(I_d\) is the \(d\times d\) identity matrix. 15. Appendix. Here the localizing function, some Fourier analysis, the Heisenberg group and pseudodifferential operators used in this book are stated.