Sharp inequalities for the Haar system and Fourier multipliers (Q2443738)

Summary: A classical result of Paley and Marcinkiewicz asserts that the Haar system \(h=(h_k)_{k \geq 0}\) on \([0,1]\) forms an unconditional basis of \(L^p(0,1)\) provided that \(1<p< \infty\). That is, if \(\mathcal P_J\) denotes the projection onto the subspace generated by \((h_j)_{j \in J}\) (\(J\) is an arbitrary subset of \(\mathbb N\)), then \(\| \mathcal P_J \|_{L^p(0,1) \to L^p(0,1)} \leq \beta_p\) for some universal constant \(\beta_p\) depending only on \(p\). The purpose of this paper is to study related restricted weak-type bounds for the projections \(\mathcal P_J\). Specifically, for any \(1 \leq p < \infty\), we identify the best constant \(C_p\) such that \(\| \mathcal P_J \chi_A \|_{L^{p,\infty}(0,1)} \leq C_p \|\chi_A \|_{L^p(0,1)}\) for every \(J \subseteq \mathbb N\) and any Borel subset \(A\) of \([0,1]\). In fact, we prove this result in the more general setting of continuous-time martingales. As an application, a related estimate for a large class of Fourier multipliers is established.