A problem of M. Tkachenko on semitopological groups (Q2452036)

A class \(\mathcal C\) of spaces is a \textit{PS-class} if it contains arbitrary products of its elements, is hereditary with respect to taking subspaces, and contains a one-point space. \textit{M. Tkachenko} in [Topology Appl. 161, 364--376 (2014; Zbl 1287.54047)] defined a \textit{\(\mathcal C\)-reflection} of a semitopological group \(G\), as follows: Let \(\mathcal C\) be a \(PS\)-class of spaces and \(\varphi_G^{\mathcal C}:G\to H\) a continuous surjective homomorphism of semitopological groups. The pair \((H,\varphi_G^{\mathcal C})\) is called a \textit{\(\mathcal C\)-reflection} of \(G\) if \(H\in{\mathcal C}\) and for every continuous mapping \(f:G\to X\) to a space \(X\in{\mathcal C}\), there exists a continuous mapping \(h:H\to X\) such that \(f=h\circ\varphi_G^{\mathcal C}\). In the same paper, he proved that for every semitopological group \(G\) and \(PS\)-class \(\mathcal C\) of spaces, there exists the \(\mathcal C\)-reflection of \(G\). Since the classes \({\mathcal T}_i\) of \(T_i\)-spaces, \(i\in\{0,1,2,3,3.5\}\), are \(PS\)-classes, the above result follows that there exists the \({\mathcal T}_i\)-reflection \((T_i(G),\varphi_{G,i})\) for every semitopological group \(G\) and \(i\in\{0,1,2,3,3.5\}\). We call \(T_i(G)\) is \(T_i\)-reflection as an abbreviation. Tkachenko in [loc. cit.] gave internal descriptions of \(T_i\)-reflection of a semitopological group for \(i\in\{0,1,3,3.5\}\) and posed the following problem: Describe in internal terms the kernel of the canonical homomorphism \(\varphi_{G,2}\) of a semitopological group \(G\) onto \(T_2(G)\). In this paper, the authors give an answer to the problem. For a semitopological group \(G\), they show that there exists the smallest neighborhood-invariant subgroup \(NI(G)\) of \(G\) and each neighborhood-invariant subgroup of \(G\) is an invariant subgroup of \(G\). As a main result, they proved that for every semitopological group \(G\), the quotient mapping \(\pi_G:G\to G/NI(G)\) is a continuous open homomorphism, and \(G/NI(G)\cong T_2(G)\).