Inequalities for eigenvalues of the drifting Laplacian on Riemannian manifolds (Q2454013)
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English | Inequalities for eigenvalues of the drifting Laplacian on Riemannian manifolds |
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Inequalities for eigenvalues of the drifting Laplacian on Riemannian manifolds (English)
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12 June 2014
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The authors demonstrate eigenvalue inequalities for the drifting Laplace operator and its square on a Riemannian manifold as well as on bounded domains contained in a manifold. Let \((M, \langle , \rangle)\) be an \(n\)-dimensional compact Riemannian manifold with or without boundary and let \(\phi \in \mathcal{C}^2 (M)\). The drifting Laplacian, also known as Bakry-Émery Laplacian or weighted Laplacian, is defined as \(\mathbb{L}_\phi = \Delta - \langle \nabla \phi, \nabla(\cdot) \rangle\), where \(\Delta\) and \(\nabla\) are the usual Laplacian and gradient with respect to the Riemannian metric \(\langle, \rangle\) on \(M\). The authors consider the Dirichlet boundary condition if the boundary is non-empty. In this setting the operator is self-adjoint with respect to the weighted measure \(d \mu = e^{-\phi} dv\), where \(dv\) is the Riemannian volume form. The first result, Theorem 1.1, states that for any \(h \in \mathcal{C}^3 (M) \cap \mathcal{C}^2 (\partial M)\) the eigenvalues \(\{ \lambda_i \}\) of \(\mathbb{L}_\phi\) and the corresponding \(\mathcal{L}^2(d\mu)\) orthonormal basis of eigenfunctions \(\{ u_i\}\) satisfy \[ \sum_{i=1} ^k (\lambda_{k+1} - \lambda_i)^2 \int_M u_i ^2 |\nabla h|^2 d\mu \leq \sum_{i=1} ^k (\lambda_{k+1} - \lambda_i) \int_M (u_i \mathbb{L}_\phi h + 2 \langle \nabla h, \nabla u_i \rangle )^2 d\mu. \] The authors use this to obtain their next result, Theorem 1.2, which consists of three inequalities for the Dirichlet problem for \(\mathbb{L}_\phi\) on a bounded domain \(\Omega \subset M\) which has smooth boundary. In this case, the manifold \(M\) is assumed to be complete, and the function \(\phi\) is smooth on \(\Omega\) with \(\phi_0 = \max_{\overline \Omega} |\nabla \phi|\). {\parindent=6mm \begin{itemize}\item[(1)] If \(M\) is isometrically immersed in \(\mathbb{R}^m\) with mean curvature vector \(H\), then \[ \sum_{i=1} ^k (\lambda_{k+1} - \lambda_i)^2 \leq \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=1} ^n (\lambda_{k+1} - \lambda_i) (4 \lambda_i + 4 \phi_0 \sqrt{\lambda_i} + n^2 H_0 ^2 + \phi_0 ^2), \] where \(H_0\) is the supremum of \(|H|\) on \(\Omega\). \item[(2)] If there exists a function \(\theta : \Omega \to \mathbb{R}\) and a constant \(A_0\) such that \[ |\nabla \theta| = 1, \quad |\Delta \theta| \leq A_0, \] then \[ \sum_{i=1} ^k (\lambda_{k+1} - \lambda_i)^2 \leq \sum_{i=1} ^k (\lambda_{k+1} - \lambda_i) \left( A_0 + \phi_0 + 2 \lambda_i ^{1/2} \right)^2. \] \item[(3)] If \(\Omega\) admits an eigenmap \(f= (f_1, \ldots, f_{m+1}) : \Omega \to \mathbb{S}^m\) corresponding to an eigenvalue \(\eta\) \[ \Delta f_\alpha = - \eta f_\alpha, \quad \alpha = 1, \ldots, m+1, \quad \sum_{\alpha = 1} ^{m+1} f_\alpha ^2 = 1, \] then \[ \sum_{i=1} ^k (\lambda_{k+1} - \lambda_i)^2 \leq \sum_{k=1} ^n (\lambda_{k+1} - \lambda_i) \left(4 \lambda_i + 4 \phi_0 \sqrt{\lambda_i} + \phi_0^2 + \eta \right), \] where \(\mathbb{S}^m\) is the unit sphere of dimension \(m\). \end{itemize}} More generally, if there exist functions satisfying conditions (2) and (3) on all of \(M\), then the above estimates are universal in the sense that the estimate holds for an arbitrary smoothly bounded domain \(\Omega \subset M\). Following the statement of the theorem, the authors give examples of complete manifolds satisfying conditions (2) and (3). The last result is for a compact Riemannian manifold \(M\) with boundary and the function \(\phi\) is assumed to be smooth on \(M\). The authors consider the eigenvalue problem \(\mathbb{L}_\phi^2 u = \Lambda u\) in \(M\) with \(u\) and the normal derivative of \(u\) vanishing on the boundary. If the Ricci curvature satisfies \[ \mathrm{Ric} + \nabla^2 \phi \geq \frac{|\nabla \phi|^2}{na} +b \] for some positive constants \(a\) and \(b\), then the first eigenvalue satisfies \[ \Lambda_1 \geq \frac{n(a+1)b\lambda_1}{n(a+1) -1}, \] where \(\lambda_1\) is the first eigenvalue for \(\mathbb{L}_\phi\) with the Dirichlet boundary condition. The proofs of these results rely primarily on the Rayleigh-Ritz inequality, also known as a Poincaré inequality, minimax or variational principle, for the eigenvalues.
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drifting Laplacian
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Bakry-Émery Laplacian
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weighted Laplacian
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eigenvalues
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eigenvalue estimates
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universal eigenvalue inequalities
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