Topological types of real regular Jacobian elliptic surfaces (Q2454829)

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Topological types of real regular Jacobian elliptic surfaces
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    Topological types of real regular Jacobian elliptic surfaces (English)
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    22 October 2007
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    This article deals with real nonsingular algebraic surfaces, that is, pairs \((X, \sigma)\) where \(X\) is a nonsingular complex algebraic surface and \(\sigma\) is an antiholomorphic involution acting on \(X\). The fixed point set \(X(\mathbb R)\) of \(\sigma\) is called the real part of \(X\). The topological type of \((X, \sigma)\) is the equivalence class of surfaces with homeomorphic real parts. The paper is intended to be a step towards the Enriques-Kodaira classification of real algebraic surfaces. More precisely, the authors are interested in the classification of the topological types of real algebraic surfaces in a given complex deformation family. The case of real rational surfaces goes back to \textit{A. Comessatti} [Ann. di Mat. Pura e Applicata (3), 23, 215--283 (1915; JFM 45.0889.02)], as well as the case of real abelian varieties [Jahresber. Dtsch. Math.-Ver. 41, 107--134 (1932; Zbl 0004.07101)]. For a modern approach, and also for a detailed study of the case of real ruled surfaces, see \textit{R. Silhol} [Real Algebraic Surfaces. Lecture Notes in Math. 1392. Springer-Verlag (1989; Zbl 0691.14010)]. The classification of \(K3\) surfaces is due to \textit{V. Kharlamov} [Funct. Anal. Appl. 10(1976), 295--305 (1977; Zbl 0362.14013)] and \textit{V. V. Nikulin} [Math. USSR, Izv. 14, 103--167 (1980; Zbl 0427.10014)]. More recently, the classification of topological types of real Enriques surfaces has been obtained by \textit{A. Degtyarev} and \textit{V. Kharlamov} [Topology 35, No. 3, 711--729 (1996; Zbl 0895.14018)], while the classification of real hyperelliptic surfaces was achieved by \textit{F. Catanese} and \textit{P. Frediani} [J. Inst. Math. Jussieu 2, No. 2, 163--233 (2003; Zbl 1035.14021)]. The remaining class of real algebraic surfaces of special type is made by the so-called properly elliptic surfaces. In this direction it is worthwhile mentioning the classification of the real singular fibers of an elliptic fibration by \textit{R. Silhol} [Math. Z. 186, 465--499 (1984; Zbl 0558.14022)], and some partial results about the global classification due to \textit{F. Mangolte} [Math. Z. 235, No. 2, 213--226 (2000; Zbl 0961.14038)] and \textit{M. Akriche} and \textit{F. Mangolte} [Beitr. Algebra Geom. 49, No. 1, 153--164 (2008; Zbl 1173.14041)]. Along the article under review a real elliptic surface is a morphism \(\pi:X\to \mathbb P^1\) defined over \(\mathbb R\), where \(X\) is a real algebraic surface such that for all but finitely many points \(u\in \mathbb P^1\), the fiber \(X_u=\pi^{-1}(u)\) is a nonsingular curve of genus one. When \(\pi\) admits at least one singular fiber, the surface \(X\) is called regular, that is, \(H^1(X, {\mathcal O}_X)\)=\(\{0\}\). The elliptic fibration \(\pi:X\to \mathbb P^1\) is called relatively minimal if no fiber of \(\pi\) contains an exceptional curve of the first kind. When a (real) relatively minimal elliptic surface \(\pi:X\to \mathbb P^1\) admits a (real) section \(s:\mathbb P^1\to X\) it is said that \(X\) is a (real) Jacobian elliptic surface. It was proved by \textit{A. Kas} [in: Complex Anal. Algebr. Geom., Collect. Pap. dedic. K. Kodaira, 107--111 (1977; Zbl 0351.14017)] that, in the complex case, two regular relatively minimal elliptic surfaces with no multiple fibers are deformation equivalent if and only if their holomorphic Euler characteristics coincide. The main goal of the paper under review is to present the classification of the topological types of real regular Jacobian elliptic surfaces in each complex deformation family of regular Jacobian elliptic surfaces. To describe the topological types the following notations are used: \(S_g\) denotes the smooth orientable surface of genus \(g\), with \(S=S_0\), and \(V_q\) is the connected sum of \(q\) copies of \(\mathbb P^2(\mathbb R)\). Moreover, the disjoint union of two surfaces \(A\) and \(B\) is denoted \(A \sqcup B\) while \(aA\) denotes the disjoint union of \(a\) homeomorphic copies of \(A\). An abstract Morse simplification on a topological type is a transformation which decreases the total Betti number by \(2\). There are two kinds of Morse simplifications: \({\bullet}\) Removing one spherical component, \(S \to {\emptyset}\). \({\bullet}\) Contracting one handle, \(S_{g+1} \to S_g\) or \(V_{q+2} \to V_q\). A topological type of a real regular Jacobian elliptic surface is called extremal if it cannot be obtained by a Morse simplification from the topological type of another real regular Jacobian elliptic surface with the same holomorphic Euler characteristic. With this terminology the main theorem in the paper is stated as follows: Theorem 1.1. Let \(k\geq 1\) be an integer. The extremal topological types of real regular Jacobian elliptic surfaces with holomorphic Euler characteristic \(k\) are: (1) M-surfaces, \(a=k+4\lambda-1, \ell=5k-4\lambda\), for \(\lambda=0, 1, \ldots, k\). \({\bullet}\) \(S_{\ell} \sqcup aS, k\) even or \({\bullet}\) \(V_{2\ell} \sqcup aS, k\) odd (2) (M-2)-surfaces, \(a=k+4\lambda, \ell=5k-4\lambda-3\), for \(\lambda=0, 1, \ldots, k-1\). \({\bullet}\) \(S_{\ell} \sqcup aS, k\) even or \({\bullet}\) \(V_{2\ell} \sqcup aS, k\) odd (3) \({\bullet}\) \(S_1 \sqcup S_1, k\) even or \({\bullet}\) \(V_2 \sqcup V_2, k\) odd Any topological type of a regular Jacobian elliptic surface with holomorphic Euler characteristic \(k\) is the result of a sequence of Morse simplifications from one of the previous extremal types. Conversely, any topological type corresponding to a surface with first Betti number \(\geq 2\) and which can be obtained by a sequence of Morse simplifications from one of the previous extremal topological types is the topological type of a real regular Jacobian elliptic surface \(X\) with \(k=\chi({\mathcal O}_X)\). The paper contains enough details to follow the proof, which is clearly written. Let us point out that the constructions of many extremal cases is made by using either the combinatorial patchworking (a combinatorial version of Viro's method) or dessins d'nfants.
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    topological types
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    Enriques-Kodaira classification
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