On the remarkable values of the rational first integrals of polynomial vector fields (Q2455611)

Let \(X= (P,Q)\) be a polynomial vector field of degree \(m\) on \({\mathbb C}^2\), i.e. a vector field of the form \[ X = P(x,y) \frac{\partial}{\partial x} + Q(x,y) \frac{\partial}{\partial y}, \] where \(P\) and \(Q\) are coprime polynomials in the ring \({\mathbb C}[x,y]\) and \(m = \max \{\deg P, \deg Q\}\). One of the main problems in the qualitative theory of planar polynomial vector fields is to characterize the integrable ones (recall that a vector field \(X\) is called integrable if it has a first integral \(H\)). A function \(R=R(x,y)\) is an integrating factor of the vector field \(X\), if \(R\) is a solution of the equation \(\text{div} (RP, RQ) = 0\), and a function \(V=V(x,y)\) is an inverse integrating factor of \(X\) if \(V^{-1}\) is an integrating factor of \(X\). Let \(H=f/g\) be a rational first integral of the vector field \(X\). Then according to Poincaré we say that \(c \in {\mathbb C} \cup \{\infty\}\) is a remarkable value of \(H\) if \(f + cg\) is a reducible polynomial in \({\mathbb C}[x,y]\). Here \(f+cg\) denotes \(g\) if \(c=\infty\). Note that the algebraic curve \(f+cg=0\) is invariant. There are finitely many remarkable values for a given rational first integral \(H\). The curves in the factorization of the polynomial \(f+cg\), where \(c\) is a remarkable value, are called remarkable curves of \(H\). Suppose that \(c\) is a remarkable value of a rational first integral \(H=f/g\), and \(u_1^{\alpha_1} \cdots u_r^{\alpha_r}\) is the factorization of the polynomial \(f+cg\) into irreducible factors in \({\mathbb C}[x,y]\). If \(\alpha_i > 1\) for at least one \(i\) then \(c\) is called critical remarkable value of \(H\), and the corresponding algebraic curve \(u_i=0\) is called critical remarkable curve of the field \(X\) with exponent \(\alpha_i\). The polynomial \[ R = \prod_i u_i^{\alpha_i-1} \] defined as the product of all remarkable curves powered to \({\alpha_i-1}\), is called remarkable factor of the field \(X\). Since Poincaré's time remarkable values were mostly considered in their algebraic aspects. The authors study their dynamic aspects. The main results of the paper are the following. 1. The authors characterize the polynomial vector field \(X\) having a rational or Darboux first integral \(H\) and a degenerated infinity, i.e. the infinity on the \((x,y)\)-plane is fulfilled of singular points of \(X\) (Theorems 1, 2). 2. The authors study the relation of the remarkable values, factors and curves with the inverse integrating factor (Theorems 3, 4, 6, 7). In particular, they prove that if \(X\) has a rational first integral \(H=f/g\), \(f,g \in {\mathbb C}[x,y]\), then: (2.1) The rational function \(V_H := g^2 /R\) is an inverse integrating factor of \(X\). (2.2) If \(X\) has no polynomial first integrals, then it has a polynomial inverse integrating factor if and only if the number of critical remarkable values is at most two. (2.3) There exist a rational inverse integrating factor \(V_1\) such that its vanishing set coincides with the set of all the remarkable curves of \(H\) and a rational inverse integrating factor \(V_2\) such that its vanishing set contains all the critical remarkable curves of \(H\). If the number of critical remarkable values of \(H\) is at most two, then \(V_2\) is a polynomial. (2.4) \(H\) has no remarkable values if and only if the polynomial \(fg\) is an inverse integrating factor of \(X\) of degree \(m+1\). (2.5) If \(H\) has no critical remarkable values, then \(\deg f + \deg g = \deg R +m+1\). 3. They study the relation between the exponents of the remarkable curves and the eigenvalues of the singular points of the vector field \(X\) (Theorem 5). 4. If \(X\) has a polynomial first integral, then \(X\) is Hamiltonian if and only if there exists a polynomial first integral \(H\) of \(X\) having no critical remarkable values.