3-tangential polynomials and \(t\)-periodic solutions of the KdV equation (Q2457225)

The Krichever-Calogero-Moser system is tantamount to (algebro-geometric) elliptic solitons, namely solutions to the KP equation which are doubly-periodic in \(x\), a deep theorem due to \textit{I. M. Krichever} [Funkts. Anal. Prilozh. 14, No. 4, 45--54 (1980; Zbl 0462.35080)]. The algebro-geometric structure of the parameter space of spectral curves as a linear series on an algebraic surface \(S\) (namely, \textbf{Proj} of the unique semistable rank-2 bundle over the elliptic curve \(X\) with trivial determinant) was developed by [\textit{A. Treibich} and \textit{J.-L. Verdier}, in: The Grothendieck Festschrift, Collect. Artic. in Honor of the 60th Birthday of A. Grothendieck. Vol. III, Prog. Math. 88, 437--480 (1990; Zbl 0726.14024)]. This model gave them, among other results, beautiful arithmetic criteria defining linear systems over the surface \(S\) so that the KP soliton reduce (namely, be independent of \(y\)) to a KdV solution, \(u_t=(3u^2+u_{xx})_x\): this translates into a symmetry property of the spectral curve, which in turn induces an involution \(\tau\) on \(S\). This paper, part of the author's thesis supervised by Treibich at the Université d'Artois, extends the algebraic theory to KdV solutions elliptic in \(t\). Such solutions had been constructed before, notably by Smirnov as early as 1989 [cf. \textit{A. O. Smirnov}, Theor. Math. Phys. 100, No. 2, 937--947 (1994); translation from Teor. Mat. Fiz. 100, No.4, 183--198 (1994; Zbl 0875.35107) for up-to-date references], but not systematically. The \(t\)-elliptic solitons correspond to ``osculating covers'' (where the elliptic solitons were classified by ``tangential covers''): the third vector of the Frénet-Serret frame of the Abel map for the spectral curve \(\Gamma\hookrightarrow\text{Jac}\Gamma\) is tangent to the pull-back of the elliptic curve under the cover \(\pi :\Gamma\rightarrow X\). The main results (which we sketch very roughly, omitting technical conditions) are a classification: Theorem. A \(t\)-elliptic \text{KdV}-soliton corresponds to a pointed cover \(\pi :(\Gamma ,p)\rightarrow (X,q)\) which can be described by divisors on \(S\) invariant under the involution \(\tau\) and with specific multiplicities at the inverse images of the four points of period 2 of \(X\), and an existence result: Theorem. There is a pencil of hyperelliptic osculating \((n:1)\) covers of genus \(g=3k+1\) for each four-tuple \((0, 2k+1,2k+1,2k+1)\) with \(n=2k^2+2k+1\), \(k\) a positive integer, provided \(2k+1\) is not divisible by 3. More precise existence results and an explicit construction in terms of the \(\wp\)-function of \(X\), obtained for the \(x\)-elliptic solitons, appear not to be known yet.