Metric and \(w^*\)-differentiability of pointwise Lipschitz mappings (Q2460710)

The author obtains almost everywhere differentiability results for metric and \(w^{\star}\)-differentiability of pointwise Lipschitz mappings between Banach spaces. Let \(X\) and \(Y\) be Banach spaces. A function \(f \colon X \rightarrow Y\) is \textit{pointwise Lipschitz at \(x \in X\)} if \[ \limsup _{y \rightarrow x} \frac{\| f(y) - f(x)\| }{\| y-x\| } < \infty; \] \(S(f)\) denotes the set of points where \(f\) is pointwise Lipschitz. For every \(x,u \in X\) we define \[ MD(f,x)(u) = \lim_{r \rightarrow 0 } \frac{\| f(x+ru) - f(x)\| }{| r| }. \] If \(X,Y\) are separable and \(f\colon X \rightarrow Y^{\star}\) is a function then for every \(x, u \in X\) we set \[ wd(f,x)(u) = w^{\star} - \lim_{t \rightarrow 0 } \frac{f(x+tu) - f(x)}{t}. \] We say that \smallskip \begin{itemize}\item[{\(\cdot\)}] \(f\) is \textit{metrically Gâteaux differentiable at \(x \in X\)} if \(MD(f,x)(u) \) exists for every \(u \in X\) and \(MD(f,x)(\cdot)\) is a continuous seminorm; \item[{\(\cdot\)}] \(f\) is \textit{metrically Fréchet differentiable at \(x \in X\)} if \(f\) is metrically Gâteaux differentiable at \(x \in X\) and \(\| f(y) - f(x)\| - MD(f,x)(y-x) = o(\| y-x\| )\) as \(y\rightarrow x\); \item[{\(\cdot\)}] \(f\) is \textit{metrically differentiable at \(x \in X\)} if \(f\) is metrically Gâteaux differentiable at \(x \in X\) and \(\| f(z) - f(y)\| - MD(f,x)(z-y) = o(\| z-x\| +\| y-x\| )\) as \((y,z) \rightarrow (x,x)\); \item[{\(\cdot\)}] \(f\) is \textit{\(w^{\star}\)-Gâteaux differentiable at \(x \in X\)} if \(wd(f,x)(u) \) exists for every \(u \in X\) and \(wd(f,x)(\cdot)\) is a bounded linear map; \item[{\(\cdot\)}] \(f\) is \textit{\(w^{\star}\)-Fréchet differentiable at \(x \in X\)} if \(f\) is \(w^{\star}\)-Gâteaux differentiable at \(x \in X\) and \[ w^{\star} - \lim_{y\rightarrow x}\frac{f(y) - f(x) - wd(f,x)(y-x)}{\| y-x\| } = 0. \] The author obtains the following differentiability results. \smallskip (i) If \(X\) is an arbitrary Banach space and \(f \colon \mathbb R^{n} \rightarrow X \) is a function then \(f\) is metrically differentiable at almost every \(x \in S(f)\); (ii) If \(Y\) is a separable Banach space and \(f \colon \mathbb R^{n} \rightarrow Y^{\star} \) is a function then \(f\) is metrically Fréchet differentiable and \(w^{\star}\)-Fréchet differentiable at almost every \(x \in S(f)\), and for such \(x\), \(MD(f,x)(u) = \| wd(f,x)(u)\| \) for every \(u \in \mathbb R^{n}\); (iii) If \(X\) is a separable Banach space, \(Y\) is an arbitrary Banach space and \(f \colon X \rightarrow Y\) is a function then there exists an Aronszajn null set \(A \subseteq X\) such that \(f\) is metrically Gâteaux differentiable at every \(x \in S(f) \setminus A\); (iv) If \(X\) and \(Y\) are separable Banach spaces and \(f \colon X \rightarrow Y^{\star} \) is a function then there exists an Aronszajn null set \(A \subseteq X\) such that \(f\) is metrically Gâteaux differentiable and \(w^{\star}\)-Gâteaux differentiable at every \(x \in S(f) \setminus A\), and for such \(x\), \(MD(f,x)(u) = \| wd(f,x)(u)\| \) for every \(u \in X\). \smallskip These generalize works of \textit{B.\ Kirchheim} [Proc. Am. Math. Soc. 121, No.~1, 113--123 (1994; Zbl 0806.28004)] and \textit{L.\ Ambrosio, B.\ Kirchheim} [Math. Ann. 318, No.~3, 527--555 (2000; Zbl 0966.28002)]. In addition, a 1-Lipschitz function \(f \colon \ell_{2} \rightarrow \ell_{2}\) is constructed which is everywhere metrically Gâteaux differentiable but nowhere metrically differentiable. Another 1-Lipschitz function \(f \colon \ell_{1} \rightarrow \mathbb R\) is given which is metrically Fréchet differentiable only on an Aronszajn null set. These examples show the optimality of the previous results. The author proves the following area formula. If \(\Omega \subseteq \mathbb R^{n}\) is an open set, \(X\) is a Banach space and \(f \colon \mathbb R^{n} \rightarrow X \) is a function then for ever Lebesgue measurable set \(A \subseteq S(f)\), \[ n{\mathcal L}^{n}(B(0,1)) \int_{A} \frac{{\text d}{\mathcal L}^{n}(x)}{\int_{\mathbb S^{n-1}} \frac{{\text d}{\mathcal H}^{n-1}(y)}{(MD(f,x)(y))^{n}}} = \int_{X} \text{card}(A \cap f^{-1}(x))\text{d}{\mathcal H}^{n}_{\| \cdot\| }(x). \] As special cases of these results, the differentiability of absolutely continuous functions and of functions with bounded variation is discussed.\end{itemize}