On maximum bifurcation delay in real planar singularly perturbed vector fields (Q2464536)

Consider the scalar differential equation \[ \varepsilon{dy\over dx}= f(x)y+\varepsilon g(x,y,\varepsilon)\tag{\(*\)} \] under the assumptions (H\(_1\)) \(g\) is real analytic in \(V\times W\times E\), where \(V\) is a complex open neighborhood of \([a,b]\), \(a< 0< b\), \(W\) and \(E\) are complex neighborhoods of the origin. (H\(_2\)) \(f\) is real analytic in \(V\) and satisfies \[ f(0)= 0,\quad xf(x)> 0\quad\text{for }x\in [a,b]\setminus\{0\}. \] A solution \(y(x,\varepsilon)\) of \((*)\) defined on the interval \((x_0, x_1)\subset [a,b]\) with \(x_0< 0\) and \(x_1> 0\) and for \(0<\varepsilon<\varepsilon_1\ll 1\) which satisfies \[ y(x_0,\varepsilon)= y_0,\;\lim_{\varepsilon\to 0} y(x,\varepsilon) =0\text{ for any }x\in [\overline x_0,\overline x_1]\subset (x_0, x_1) \] is called a canard solution of \((*)\). A canard solution stays \(o(1)\) -- close to the critical line \(y= 0\) for a compact interval \([0,\overline x]\), \(0<\overline x< x_1\) although this line is exponentially repelling for \(x> 0\). The author calls this property bifurcation delay (in the literature also known as delayed exchange of stability). In some symmetric equations \((*)\) one encounters the property that the bifurcation delay \(\overline x_+\) is uniquely defined by the size of the interval \([\overline x_-, 0]\), where \(y(x,\varepsilon)\) stays near \(y= 0\). The author proves that this property also holds for the canard solutions of \((*)\) under the assumptions (H\(_1\)) and (H\(_2\)). The proof is based on formal power series, the study of their Gevrey properties and analytic continuation of their Borel transform.