On cubic factors of \(j\)-invariants of quadratic \(\mathbb Q\)-curves of prime degree (Q2469224)

Let \(j\) be the modular invariant function. For a prime number \(p\), the author shows the existence of factorizations of the form \(j=r^3R\), where \(r\) and \(R\) are functions on the modular curve \(X_0(p)\) and the choice of \(R\) is restricted by some conditions on the divisor of \(R\). The author studies these factorizations to explain why \(j\)-invariants of quadratic \(\mathbb Q\)-curves of degree \(p\) are nearly cubes. Here ``\(\mathbb Q\)-curve'' means an elliptic curve over a number field isogenous to its Galois conjugates and without complex multiplication. For a similar result, he refers to the classical theorem that the \(j\)-invariant of an elliptic curve with complex multiplication by a quadratic order of discriminant coprime to \(3\) is cube.