Modular invariants for lattice polarized \(K3\) surfaces (Q2469312)

From MaRDI portal
scientific article
Language Label Description Also known as
English
Modular invariants for lattice polarized \(K3\) surfaces
scientific article

    Statements

    Modular invariants for lattice polarized \(K3\) surfaces (English)
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    5 February 2008
    0 references
    Let \(M=H\oplus E_8^2\) be the unique even unimodular lattice of signature \((1,17)\) where \(H\) is the standard rank \(2\)-hyperbolic lattice and \(E_8\) is the unique even, negative-definite, and unimodular lattice of rank \(8\). Let \(X\) be a \(K3\) surface with an \(M\)-polarization \(i: M\hookrightarrow NS(X)\), which is a primitive lattice embedding such that \(i(M)\) contains a pseudo-ample class. Theorem 1. Let \((X,i)\) be an \(M\)-polarized \(K3\) surface. (a) The surface \(X\) possesses a canonical involution \(\beta\) defining a Shioda-Inose structure. (b) The minimal resolution of \(X/\beta\) is a new \(K3\) surface \(Y\) endowed with a canonical Kummer surface structure. This structure realizes \(Y\) as the Kummer surface \(\text{Km}(E_1\times E_2)\) associated to an abelian surface \(A\) canonically represented as a Cartesian product of two elliptic curves: \(A=E_1\times E_2\). The elliptic curves \(E_1\) and \(E_2\) are unique up to permutation. (c) The construction induces a canonical Hodge isomorphism between the \(M\)-polarized Hodge structure of \(X\) and the natural \(H\)-polarized Hodge structure of the abelian surface \(A=E_1\times E_2\). It is the standard fact from the Hodge theory that the polarized Hodge structure on an \(M\)-polarized \(K3\) surface \((X,i)\) is identical with the polarized Hodge structure on an abelian surface \(E_1\times E_2\). The main point of Theorem 1 is to transform this Hodge-theoretic correspondence into a geometric relationship. This is done in the section 3. Then applications of the geometric transform obtained in Theorem 1 are discussed. For instance, a complete classification of the special class of \(M\)-polarized \(K3\) surfaces is obtained: they are completely classified by the two modular invariants \(\pi,\sigma\in{\mathbb C}\), which are defined only Hodge-theoretically. The special class of \(M\)-polarized \(K3\) surfaces considered here is the Inose surface, \(X(a,b)\). It is the two-parameter family of \(M\)-polarized \(K3\) surfaces obtained by taking minimal resolution of the projective quartic in \({\mathbb P}^3\) associated with the special equation \[ y^2zw-4x^3z+3axzw^2-{1\over{2}}(z^2w^2+w^4)+bzw^3=0,\, a\,b\in{\mathbb C}. \] Theorem 2. Let \(E_1\) and \(E_2\) be two elliptic curves associated to \(X(a,b)\) by Theorem 1. Let \(J(E_1)\) and \(J(E_2)\) be the \(J\)-invariants of \(E_1\) and \(E_2\), respectively. Then \(J(E_1)\) and \(J(E_2)\) are the two solutions of the quadratic equation \[ x^2-(a^3-b^2+1)x+a^3=0. \] The modular invariants of the Inose surface \(X(a,b)\) are given by \[ \pi=a^3,\,\, \sigma=a^3-b^2+1. \] Proof of Theorem 2 is given by very complicated explicit calculations of the periods of the quartic equation. This is due to the fact that the modular invariants are defined only Hodge-theoretically, and accordingly, the classification result is a consequence of the appropriate version of the global Torelli theorem.
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    Hodge structures
    0 references
    abelian surfaces
    0 references
    Kummer surfaces
    0 references
    Shioda-Inose structure
    0 references
    elliptic curves
    0 references
    \(j\)-invariants.
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references
    0 references